Influence of traffic conditions on driver behavior before making a right turn at an intersection: Analysis of driver behavior based on measured data on an actual road

This paper describes an investigation of the influence of the position of a forward vehicle and following vehicle on the onset of driver preparatory behavior before making a right turn at an intersection. Four experimental vehicles with various sensors and a driving recorder system were developed to measure driver behavior before making a right turn at a specific intersection on a public road. The experimental term was eight weeks to collect data on natural driving maneuvers. The relationships between the remaining distances to the center of the intersection when releasing the accelerator pedal, moving the right foot to cover the brake pedal, and activating the turn signal and the relative distances from the forward and following vehicles were analyzed based on the measured data. The time it took to reach the center of the turn and the driving speed when each behavioral event occurred were also evaluated from the viewpoint of the relative position between the driver’s vehicle and the leading or following vehicles. The results suggest that the drivers approached the target intersection in a car-following condition, and that the positions of the front and rear vehicles and the vehicle velocity influence the onset location and timing of releasing the accelerator pedal and covering the brake pedal. Drivers began to decelerate closer to the center of the intersection when they approached the intersection close to a leading or following vehicle at a reduced driving speed. However, these influences were not reflected in the turn signal operation, indicating that drivers intend to make a right turn at a constant location while approaching a target intersection and that intention appears in the turn signal activation. The findings of this observational study imply that the method of providing route guidance instruction, in which the traffic conditions surrounding the driver’s vehicle are taken into consideration, is effective in reducing driver errors in receiving instruction and following the correct route. The results also indicate that measuring and accumulating different behavioral indices based on traffic conditions contribute to determining the criteria for the presentation timing just before reaching the intersection, which can assist drivers in preparing to make a right turn at a usual location. Driver decelerating maneuvers are used while driving without leading or following vehicles and while driving with a lead and/or following vehicle at long range, and driver turn signal operations are used when approaching an intersection under close car-following conditions.     

Acquisition of route and survey knowledge in the absence of vision

The ability of sighted, blindfolded individuals to navigate while walking was assessed in two types of tasks, one requiring knowledge of a route that previously had been navigated and another requiring more complex spatial inference or computation. A computerized measurement system monitored spatial position. The route tasks included maintenance of a heading, distance and turn reproduction and estimation, and turn production. The inferential task required completion of a multisegment pathway by returning directly to the origin. pathways were replicated at two different scales. Measures for the route-knowledge tasks indicated a substantial ability to navigate in the absence of visual cues. Route reproduction performance was particularly accurate despite intrinsic veering tendencies. A substantial increase in error was observed in the pattern-completion task. Errors in pathway completion increased with pathway complexity and were quite similar in the two scales. Correlational data suggested that performance on different route-knowledge tasks reflected differing underlying representations. The completion task led to a high correlation between absolute turn and distance error but had minimal correlations with the route tasks. The data suggest that a survey representation with some degree of scale independence was constructed for use in the pathway completion task.     

Selected Trends in the Economic Status of American Women (1900–1986): Implications for Employment Counselors

The author compares selected data since the turn of the century to identify trends that affect the economic status of women in a changing world economy and the implications for counselors.     

Stability of pace and turn parameters of elite long-distance swimmers

This study aimed to assess the stability of the performance, pace and turn parameters of elite long-distance male swimmers during an 800 m freestyle race. The sample was composed by 38 male swimmers, participating in the 800 m event at the 2016 LEN European Aquatic Championships (long course meter). The performance, and a set of pace and turn parameters were analyzed. A customized software was used to perform each race analysis. Swimmers spent 64.05 ± 0.50% and 35.95 ± 0.49% of the final race time in the clean swim and turns, respectively. In the pace parameters, the clean swim was the only one that did not differ between the first and second half of the race (1.63 ± 0.05 vs 1.62 ± 0.05 m·s⁻¹), and in the turn parameters, the water break distance was also similar (5.13 ± 1.17 vs 5.06 ± 0.98 m). A significant and moderate-strong variation was verified for the performance (total race lap effect: p < 0.001, η² = 0.62), and a significant and moderate variation for the pace parameters (total race: p < 0.001, 0.15 ≤ η² ≤ 0.33), and for the turn parameters (total race: p < 0.01, 0.15 ≤ η² ≤ 0.33). Present data (pace and turn variation) shows that elite long-distance male swimmers do not maintain a similar pattern during an 800 m freestyle race. Future research is need to understand if this lack of pace and turn stability is the best way to enhance the performance, or if swimmers should be advised to control their pace and turn. Nevertheless, coaches are advised to help swimmers with feedback about their pace (i.e., controlling the intermediate 30 m) and turn performances (i.e., controlling the 5 m in and 15 m out), leading to a positive effect in their final race time.     

Turning towards the Tomb: Priesthood and Gender

Abstract

This article offers some broad theological reflections on gender and priesthood through the lens of three turns. The first turn is that of Mary Magdalene away from the gardener and towards her Lord. This is described as a turn which broke the male/female gaze. The second turn is Butler's turn towards gendered subjectivity which brings with it melancholia from which there is no escape. Stuart argues that Mary Magdalene's second turn is a turn away from a subjectivity grounded in gender towards a subjectivity grounded in Christ, a turn made by all those who receive the sacrament of baptism. The third turn is the traditional turn of the priest towards the east, a turn which obscures the gender of the priest and orientates those gathered towards a reality in which gender is deprived of any ultimate status. Stuart argues that the turn of the priest is a re-enactment of the turn of Mary Magdalene and that priesthood is essentially a non-gendered order.     

The effects of personal alienation on organizational identification: A quality-of-work-life model

It was hypothesized that personal alienation has a negative impact on organizational identification. The negative relationship between alienation and organizational identification was explained through a set of mediating variables involving need deprivation, job satisfaction, and job involvement. More specifically, it was hypothesized that alienation increases need deprivation, which in turn decreases job satisfaction, which in turn decreases job involvement, which ultimately decreases organizational identification. A study was conducted involving 219 service deliverers to the elderly. Self-report measures were administered. The data was subjected to a path analysis. The results provided moderate support for the quality-of-work-life model. Management implications are discussed.The authors would like to express their gratitude for the constructive comments made by the anonymous review of this journal.     

SPEECH CONVERGENCE AND SPEECH EVALUATION IN FACT-FINDING INTERVIEWS

The purpose of this study was to examine speech convergence and speech evaluation in fact-finding interviews conducted in the field. Forty interviewers (ERs), undergraduates enrolled in a class on interviewing processes, conducted 20–30 minute interviews with selected interviewees (EEs), business persons and professionals in fields of interest to the ERs. Speech behaviors examined included response latency, speech rate, and turn duration; these were coded per one minute intervals of each interaction. Time series regression procedures indicated that both ERs and EEs converged speech rate and response latency toward their interlocutors' performances of these behaviors. Although turn duration convergence did not characterize the entire data set, male-male dyads did converge significantly and male (ER)-female (EE) dyads significantly diverged turn duration. Regarding speech evaluation, there was some evidence that greater response latency similarity, greater speech rate and response latency convergence, and faster ER speech and slower EE speech were positively related to the competence and social attractiveness judgments of participants. Limitations and implications are discussed.     

Inferring the Meaning of Work From the Effects of Unemployment

Questionnaire data from 148 unemployed individuals were analyzed to investigate the meaning for work. Both economic and experiential functions of work were examined. The data revealed that, as predicted, increasing length of unemployment was associated with increasing economic and experiential deprivation. Economic deprivation, in turn, was associated with both more experiential deprivation and lower subjective well-being. Unexpectedly, experiential deprivation was not related to subjective well-being. The results indicate the importance of the economic functions of work in people's lives.     

Simulations of schedule-controlled behavior

A computer model that simulates the patterns of responding of infrahuman subjects under several schedules of reinforcement is described. The model is dynamic in that it continuously assesses the values of several interacting variables that are, in turn, affected by simulated environ-mental events that are scheduled by a procedure program. The data generated by the computer model, including cumulative records, closely conform to reported experimental data. The results indicate that computer simulations are a very useful tool for developing quantitative theories of operant behavior.     

Traiter ses données proprement : vers un meilleur usage du data cleaning

Data cleaning has long been shown to be an essential step in data analysis but its application is not systematic and varies between researchers. The aim of the present article is to study the effect of the different elements of data cleaning and to give recommendations. The steps considered are normality, outliers and missing values. Firstly, we advise a close examination of the data and its normality with a view to transformation. Secondly, we look at outliers and their treatment (trimming and winsorizing). Lastly, we turn our attention to missing values and how to deal with them depending on their randomness. We also cover the importance of visualizing data before analysis. Finally, we illustrate the effect of these data cleaning practices on a real data set. We show that data cleaning can lead to a significant result becoming non-significant and therefore demonstrate the importance of these steps before starting data analysis.     

From Ideology to Feeling: Discourse,Emotion, and an Analytic Synthesis

Recent arguments in the social sciences exhort a turn to affect and, either explicitly or by implication, a move away from or beyond the earlier turn to language. This conveys a presumption that the site and logic of discursive investigation must inevitably be different to the site and logic of affective investigation. Instead, this article suggests that a nonreductive psychosocial understanding of both discourse and affect needs a way of dissolving the dualism which inhabits and motivates much current debate around discursive and affective “fields.” This article illustrates a route towards dismantling the apparent segregation of discourse and affect in the call to an affective turn. The data come from a project exploring women’s talk of success and failure. Analysis here focuses on affective-discursive practices in discussion of “failed attempts to control body weight” set within the context of contemporary western neoliberal ideology. Discourse and affect are both approached as semiotic, relational practice. As such, affect is made accessible to analysis via concepts already familiar in studies of discursive practice in social psychology, including the reproduction and negotiation of ideologies and the management of trouble. This analytic focus on practical deployments in interaction enables epistemological and ontological psychosocial arguments to be grounded in practical discursive-affective accomplishments.     

A paradox of support seeking and rejection among the stigmatized

Individuals perceiving stigma may be unwilling to seek support directly. Instead, they may use indirect strategies due to fear of rejection. Ironically, indirect seeking leads to unsupportive network responses (i.e., rejection). In Study 1, data collected from structured interviews of a sample of U.S. women in poverty (N= 116) showed that perceived poverty‐related stigma was related to increased fear of rejection, which in turn partially mediated perceived stigma and indirect seeking. In Study 2, data gathered from structured interviews of a sample of U.S. abused women (N= 177) revealed that perceived abuse‐related stigma was linked to increased indirect seeking, which in turn related to increased unsupportive network responses. By contrast, direct support seeking was related to increased supportive and decreased unsupportive responses.     

The relationship between perceived parents' childrearing practices,own later rationality,and own later depression

The present study tested Ellis' (1971) hypothesis that maladjusted emotion is caused by irrational beliefs learned during childhood to some extent from the parents. Students enrolled at the University of Orebro (n=180) completed questionnaires assessing parents' child-rearing practices during the respondent's first sixteen years of childhood as perceived and remembered by the respondent, the respondent's own rationality, and the respondent's own depression. A regression analysis indicated that child-rearing practices characterized of enmeshed relationships between parent and child is indicative of irrational beliefs on behalf of the parents. In turn, this leads to an irrational kind of child-rearing that significantly predicted the child's own rationality as an adult. The child's own rationality in turn significantly predicted the child's own depression. Results were interpreted as supportive of Ellis' hypothesis.The author wants to express his thanks to Miss Sofia Bergenbrandt, Miss Cathrin Gustafson, and Miss Katarina Hedlund for doing the data collection.     

“Tower,Am I Cleared to Land?”: Problematic Communication in Aviation Discourse

This study examined problematic communication in pilot–air traffic controller (ATC) interaction. More than 15 hours of pilot–ATC dialogue were collected by monitoring control tower frequencies at 15 U.S. airports. The transcribed data yielded a total of 34 ATCs, 270 pilots, and 1,799 turns of talk. Analyses revealed that (a) communication problematics manifested in pilot turns more than ATC turns, (b) higher amounts of information led to increased problematic communication in the subsequent turn, and (c) linguistic violations of ATC protocol increased problematic communication in the subsequent turn. Partial support was found for the effect of frequency congestion on problematic communication. No effect was observed for airport size on problematic communication. The discussion addresses the significance of protocol deviations and system constraints for problematic communication. Applications for the findings in pilot–ATC radio interaction are also suggested.     

Tornado Preparedness of Students,Nonstudent Renters,and Nonstudent Owners: Issues of PrE Theory1

Previous research has indicated that certain characteristics appear to affect the extent to which populations prepare for natural hazards. In an effort to investigate the effects of the mechanisms of PrE theory on the relationship between population characteristics and preparedness actions, relevant data were assessed for 3 separate population types. Results indicated that homeowners were more prepared for tornadoes than were renters, who in turn were more prepared for tornadoes than were students. Furthermore. homeowners appraised their preparedness resources as greater than the perceived threat of a tornado. and felt more responsible for preparing for tornadoes than did renters; who in turn appraised their preparedness resources as greater than the perceived threat of a tornado, and felt more responsible for preparing for tornadoes than did students.     

Atypical cognitive disorders in a man with developmental surface dyslexia

The neuropsychological profile of a man with a developmental surface dyslexia is presented here. This case study is of interest because J.C. exhibited a pattern of cognitive disorders rarely documented in previous data. Results showed that JC's difficulties in reading comprehension were closely related to complex memory disorders and were also associated with cognitive slowness. The present observations do not support the visual memory failure hypothesis. The data rather suggest that the core difficulty primarily lies with the nonautomatization of grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, which in turn dramatically contributed to lexicon weaknesses. The hypothesis of a timing mechanism in reading disorders is discussed.     

Social Psychological Models of Choice Behavior and Drivers' Left Turns

Abstract

The authors reanalyzed data from a simulated left-turn experiment (P. A. Hancock, J. K. Caird, S. Shekhar, & M. Vercruyssen, 1991) to test the adequacy of the nonlinear Gray-Tallman satisfaction balance model of choice behavior (L. N. Gray & I. Tallman, 1984) in predicting left turns. Participants (Hancock et al., 1991) were 40 experienced U.S. drivers who were exposed to simulated oncoming traffic; the size of the vehicle (motorcycle, compact vehicle, full-sized vehicle, delivery truck), its speed (10-70 mph, or 16-112 kmph), and the intervehicle time gap (3-9 s) varied. Hancock et al. (1991) measured (a) the likelihood of a left turn and (b) the occurrence of a collision. The probability of a left turn was greater for larger intervehicle time gaps and for oncoming smaller vehicles traveling at higher speeds. The Gray-Tallman (1984) model explained 69% of the variation in turning versus 57% for a linear regression model. In making decisions people tend to treat the values and costs affecting choices in a multiplicative, rather than linear, fashion. The Gray-Tallman model also has the potential for incorporating, both theoretically and mathematically, an unlimited range of potential values and costs that may influence left turn decisions.     

Social psychological models of choice behavior and drivers' left turns

ABSTRACT. The authors reanalyzed data from a simulated left-turn experiment (P. A. Hancock, J. K. Caird, S. Shekhar, & M. Vercruyssen, 1991) to test the adequacy of the nonlinear Gray-Tallman satisfaction balance model of choice behavior (L. N. Gray & I. Tallman, 1984) in predicting left turns. Participants (Hancock et al., 1991) were 40 experienced U.S. drivers who were exposed to simulated oncoming traffic; the size of the vehicle (motorcycle, compact vehicle, full-sized vehicle, delivery truck), its speed (10-70 mph, or 16-112 kmph), and the intervehicle time gap (3-9 s) varied. Hancock et al. (1991) measured (a) the likelihood of a left turn and (b) the occurrence of a collision. The probability of a left turn was greater for larger intervehicle time gaps and for oncoming smaller vehicles traveling at higher speeds. The Gray-Tallman (1984) model explained 69% of the variation in turning versus 57% for a linear regression model. In making decisions people tend to treat the values and costs affecting choices in a multiplicative, rather than linear, fashion. The Gray-Tallman model also has the potential for incorporating, both theoretically and mathematically, an unlimited range of potential values and costs that may influence left turn decisions.     

Your Data are (Not) My Data: The Role of Social Value Orientation in Sharing Data About Others

The personal data consumers share with companies on a daily basis often also involves other people. However, prior research has focused almost exclusively on how consumers make decisions about their own data. In this research, we explore how consumers’ social value orientation impacts their decisions regarding data about others. In contrast to the notion of proselfs as “selfish” decision-makers, across four studies we find that proselfs are less likely than prosocials to share data about others with third parties. We show that this effect arises because proselfs feel less ownership over data they hold about others than prosocials, which in turn reduces their willingness to share it. Overall, this work contributes to literature on social value orientation as well as privacy decision-making and helps marketers and policy makers in designing interdependent privacy choice contexts.