重思伦理学与形而上学之间的关系——以海德格尔哲学为"视阈"

如果以19世纪形而上学的衰落为"坐标",此前的伦理学以形而上学为基础,此后的伦理学则面临相对主义的难题.在古典哲学中,虽然形而上学为伦理学奠基,但形而上学的自由与伦理学的自由之间存在着矛盾.海德格尔试图把存在问题从形而上学中拯救出来,但就其对"人道主义"的批判而言,海德格尔哲学中有存在论而没有伦理学.虽然伦理学面临着绝对主义和相对主义的两难抉择,但我们这个时代对伦理学的需要却是前所未有的.在全球化的时代背景下,或许我们首要应该考虑的是人与人之间、国家之间乃至文化之间能够和平共存而作为"底线"的基本规则.     

"我为他人负责"——勒维纳斯的伦理学形而上学研究

在20世纪著名哲学家的行列当中,勒维纳斯(E.Levinas)无疑是一位非常具有独创性的哲学家,其"伦理学是第一哲学"的独特思想为他赢得了20世纪最后一个道德学家的美誉,其哲学也因此而被称为伦理学形而上学.本文将通过论述勒维纳斯的"我为他人负责"的思想,来展现其伦理学形而上学的独特内涵.     

作为"伦理学之后"的"三玄"

《周易》《老子》《庄子》号称"三玄",三者共同创立了中国古代"伦理学之后"的形而上学.《易传》展示了形而上学超越于儒家伦理之上的实践哲学本质;《老子》的"道论"将实践哲学纳入类似于康德的实践"模型"的隐喻之中,建立起天之道、圣人之道和处世之道三者上下贯通的"无为而无不为"的模型;《庄子》的"至人"理想则通过诗意和寓言的方式在高悬的天道与日常生活之间建立起某种可以凭想象来把握的纽带,为道家的"伦理学之后"开辟了 一个看起来充满"至乐"和"天乐"而值得追求的审美维度,但也终究没有摆脱自欺和自我麻醉的幻觉.     

西方道德形而上学分型研究论纲——从柏拉图到马克思·舍勒

一般来说,伦理学研究有三个层次:一是道德形而上学研究;二是道德哲学研究;三是应用伦理学研究.目前学术界对于伦理学的分型研究主要是在道德哲学和应用伦理学领域展开,相对来说,对于道德形而上学分型研究则关注较少."道德形而上学"是关于"道德的纯粹理性的概念体系",它主要是探究伦理价值概念与命题证明系统.以"伦理学的哲学本性"为根本原则可以将西方(从柏拉图到马克思·舍勒)道德形而上学理论划分为五种型态."应当之应当"的道德基础是西方道德形而上学分型研究的判定标准.     

“无形而上学的伦理学”之意义和限度——以亚里士多德《尼各马可伦理学》的三种论证为例

一从伦理学与形而上学的关系史定位亚里士多德的伦理学伦理学与形而上学的纠结,本来并非西方传统伦理学的问题,而是一个完全现代的问题。从亚里士多德的哲学分类看,形而上学作为第一哲学属于理论哲学,而伦理学作为好生活的学问属于实践哲学,因此至少可以说,作为实践哲学的伦理学不属于形而上学,也不采取形     

现代形而上学的本体论批判:马克思与海德格尔

马克思哲学的本体论基础在很大程度上仍然是蔽而不明的。无论是第二国际的理论家,还是西方马克思主义的早期领袖都严重地误解了这一基础,并使之局限于现代形而上学的总体框架之中。为了从这种粗疏混乱中摆脱出来,有必要思及马克思在同一方向上(亦即对现代形而上学的本体论批判上)有决定性开展的"同时代人",而这样的同时代人将特别包括海德格尔。现代形而上学的本质性在于"意识"的存在特性,这种存在特性是通过主体性被规定的,从而现代形而上学作为"我思"哲学或主体性哲学是以意识的内在性(Immanenz)来作为基本建制的。因此,对于意识或一般主体之内在性所持的本体论立场,便成为决定某种哲学是否从属于现代形而上学的基本尺度。在这一主题上马克思与海德格尔的积极"对话",将开启出一个从根本上超越现代形而上学的批判性视域,而马克思哲学的本体论基础只有通过这样的视域才能得到真正深入的阐明。     

论亚里士多德"自然"德性伦理学对德性伦理学复兴的启示

亚氏德性伦理学是以"自然"为基础的,"自然"是本体用意与现象用意的内在统一,统一于"人生"之中.在亚氏德性伦理学语境中,人的生命历程与呈明"自然"的德性之美是内在统一的过程.当代德性伦理学复兴缺乏本体论承诺,致使德性伦理学复兴缺乏统一的解释力度.这需要从亚氏"自然"德性伦理学中获得启示.     

儒学对道德本体的探寻及其评价

儒学将伦理学与哲学相结合 ,探讨道德的本体、本原问题 ,试图为伦理道德提供一个本体论或形而上学的基础。如何评价儒学的这一探讨是一个值得重视的问题。     

论《周易》大传的本体论建构

早期中国易学的建构历程体现为从《易经》神性观念到"左氏易传"(《左传》《国语》易学)的伦理化转进,再到《周易》大传形而上学的初步完成。"绝地天通"观念开启了形而上学建构的可能性,但《易经》所反映的殷周之际的上帝、天命观念并未完成本体论的建构。经由"左氏易传"的伦理化转进之奠基需求,《周易》大传初步建立了形而上学本体论。《周易》大传确立了"形而上者—形而下者"的基本架构,通由乾坤并建的生生之德证立本体,由"一阴一阳"的运行机制敞开生生与变易的世界;自伦理学的形上学奠基问题言之,《周易》大传提出了具有心性论色彩的"继善成性"观念,自天道下贯而论"善",自主体超越而言"性",故善即性、性即善,这可以被把握为"本体即是主体"的实现历程。     

伦理形而上学的“老问题”与哈特曼的“新道路”

康德把伦理学的核心问题概括为"我应该做什么",并采取"伦理的形而上学"方法对道德的基础、道德的应然性和约束性、义务的绝对命令等"老问题"作出了回答。但这些回答从一开始就受到种种批判并延续至今,这表明康德的回答有许多无法克服的问题。哈特曼力图绕过舍勒的"质料的价值伦理学"而直接返回到本体论,把康德规定为主观的认识关系转向自在的存在关系,从而为应该存在的价值秩序奠定新的基础,以此对伦理学的"老问题"作出新的回答,其价值和意义值得肯定。     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"石狮"、"风水"与"吉祥"

谁都知道,在古老的中国,不管是衙门、宫殿、庙宇的门前,还是豪宅、大户人家的门口,人们都能看到摆着一对石狮。据说,这对石狮子在许多中国人的心目中,它不但是一种气派的象征,而且还是一种被人认为是好的“吉祥物”。如今,旧时的衙门没有了,但遗留下来的宫殿、庙宇的门前,其中有些石狮仍有保存。然而,想像不到的是,这号称“吉祥物”的石狮今天却开始“走”进某些党政机关的大门口,它们(石狮)在那里时时都在保护着这些政府要员“平平安安”、“吉祥如意”。这不仅使我联想起一些极端的报道,有些政府官员为升迁,请算命先生定位,用风水术为政府…     

"Us" and "Them":

Abstract: In the Aristotelian tradition, politics is a matter of public deliberation over questions of justice and injustice. The Bush administration's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, has been uniformly hostile to this notion, and it has instead promoted a jingoistic politics of self‐assertion by an America largely identified with the executive branch of its government. This is doubly disturbing, as the executive branch has sought to free itself from international law, multinational commitments, and domestic judicial regulation, even as it has sought to validate itself by demonizing its enemies. This essay draws out the disturbing echoes here of Carl Schmitt's work of the 1920s, in particular of Schmitt's conception of the sovereign as the ungrounded ground of the law and the political as the site of mortal conflict between friend and enemy. The essay argues that Schmitt's position in the twenties, for all of its evident problems, is superior to that of Bush, Wolfowitz, and Ashcroft in at least two senses: Schmitt condemns the idea of waging war for profit and recognizes that such wars will often be disguised as moral crusades waged against the “inhuman”; and he acknowledges that claiming to fight a war for humanity denies one's enemies their humanity, leaving them open to torture and even extermination.     

PREFERRING "HOUSEWIVES" TO "FEMINISTS"

Four studies are described outlining the favorability of attitudes toward women. In Study 1, participants indicated their attitudes toward women and men and their construal of the term "women". The results revealed that women were evaluated more favorably than men, but that male right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) who construed women as referring primarily to feminists were least favorable in their attitudes. In Study 2, participants indicated their attitudes toward both "housewives" and "feminists". The results revealed that feminists were evaluated less favorably than housewives, and that the most negative attitudes toward feminists were expressed by authoritarian men. Study 3 revealed that high-RWA males held more negative symbolic beliefs concerning feminists (i.e., beliefs that feminists failed to promote participants'values) and that these beliefs accounted for variation in attitudes among high RWAs and much of the RWA-attitude relation. Finally, Study 4 revealed that high RWAs perceived greater value dissimilarity between them-selves and feminists. The implications of the findings for future research are discussed.     

从"管制"到"平衡"--政府与公众理想关系模式的构建及其制度化

论文从行政民主的角度探讨政府与公众之间的理想关系模式及其制度化构建过程 ,将我国在改革之前的政府与公众模式概括为管制模式。论文指出 ,在制度变迁的过程中 ,这一模式日益受到挑战。而在新的制度环境下 ,我国政府与公众的关系模式应该是平衡模式。这一模式的制度化措施包括培育自主的市民社会 ,赋予公众以独立的活动空间 ;促进行政公开 ,建立一个开放负责的政府 ;推进行政法建设 ,抑制行政恣意     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

The "Natural" and the "Formal"

The paper presents an argument against a metaphysical conception of logic according to which logic spells out a specific kind of mathematical structure that is somehow inherently related to our factual reasoning. In contrast, it is argued that it is always an empirical question as to whether a given mathematical structure really does captures a principle of reasoning. (More generally, it is argued that it is not meaningful to replace an empirical investigation of a thing by an investigation of its a priori analyzable structure without paying due attention to the question of whether it really is the structure of the thing in question.) It is proposed to elucidate the situation by distinguishing two essentially different realms with which our reason must deal: the realm of the natural, constituted by the things of our empirical world, and the realm of the formal, constituted by the structures that we use as prisms to view, to make sense of, and to reconstruct the world. It is suggested that this vantage point may throw light on many foundational problems of logic.