不一致性重读对口语语篇加工中信息激活水平的影响

利用跨通道词汇再认任务,探索了口语临场加工过程中,不一致性重读对新信息以及它所标示的旧信息在语篇表征中激活的影响。结果表明：与控制条件相比,不一致性重读虽然提高了旧信息在语篇表征中的激活水平,但是同时抑制了新信息的激活;这一促进和抑制作用在关键词汇后的500 ms就已出现。从而说明,对于相对重要的新信息,不一致性重读会阻碍语篇的理解,并且会影响到语篇的临场加工过程。     

重读在口语语篇理解加工中的作用

用三个实验探索了重读在口语语篇理解加工中的作用。其中实验1利用以句子为单位的口语动窗法,考察了重读如何影响语篇的临场加工速度。实验2和实验3利用词汇再认任务,考察了重读对语篇临场加工效果（即信息在语篇表征中的激活水平）的影响。结果表明：与控制条件相比,一致性重读加快语篇的临场加工,不一致性重读减慢语篇的理解加工;与控制条件相比,一致性重读提高了新信息在语篇表征中的激活水平;不一致性重读虽然促进了所标示的旧信息的激活,但是对于相对重要的新信息的激活具有抑制作用。从而说明一致性重读对语篇理解具有促进作用,而不一致性重读阻碍语篇理解。这一促进和抑制作用不仅体现于语篇的临场加工过程中,而且表现在即时的语篇加工效果中。     

情境模型与语篇理解研究

70年代以来,随着认知科学的发展,尤其是受知识表征研究的影响,人们逐渐把语篇理解看作一个心理表征的建构过程。然而,直到80年代早期,许多认知心理学家仅把语篇理解看作语篇自身的一个心理表征的建构和提取,而不是语篇描述的情境的建构和提取。van Dijk和Kintsch最先提出了情境模型(situation model)这一概念,并区分了语篇表征的三个层次：表层编码(surface code)、课文基础表征(textbase)和情境模型。表层编码表征的是语篇中的字、词、短语以及它们之间的语言学的关系;课文基础表征则包含文章准确意义的一系列命题,是对文章所提供的语义及等级层次关系所形成的表征;而情境模型则是在课文基础表征和读者的背景知识相互作用下经推理而形成的内容或心理上的微观世界。     

重读与信息结构对语篇理解加工的影响

该研究利用口语动窗技术和双重任务范式,探索了重读与信息结构的匹配关系对语篇理解加工的影响、以及其发挥作用的内部机制。结果表明：与控制条件相比,不一致性重读阻碍语篇的理解加工,而一致性重读对语篇理解的促进作用相对不明显;重读促进焦点词汇的加工,而不重读促进非焦点词汇的加工,从而说明重读影响语篇理解不仅仅是由于它能调控听者的注意力分配,更重要的是重读的有无传达着不同的信息加工方式。     

工作记忆广度对语篇理解中重读效应的影响

本文探索了工作记忆容量对语篇理解中重读效应的影响。采用阅读广度测验对工作记忆容量进行测量, 筛选出高、低广度两组被试。并采用听觉动窗实验范式, 比较两组被试在语篇理解中即时加工时间的差异。研究结果表明, 重读效应受到工作记忆广度的显著影响。对于低工作记忆广度被试, 一致性重读促进语篇理解, 不一致性重读阻碍语篇理解; 但对于高工作记忆广度被试, 一致性重读的促进效应和不一致性重读的阻碍效应都不显著。另外, 只有在不一致性重读条件下, 低广度者语篇理解的即时加工时间显著多于高广度者, 而在一致性重读和无重读条件下则没有显著差异。最后用工作记忆的控制性注意理论对研究结果进行了讨论。     

不同性质语篇背景信息的激活与抑制

运用窗口阅读及再认探测技术,探讨即时与延迟状态下合适与不合适背景信息的激活模式。被试阅读含有精细阐述错误信息的实验材料及不含错误信息的参照材料,并对合适或不合适(参照条件下为无关)的探测词进行再认反应。结果发现,合适与不合适信息激活关系随时程延长发生的逆转是由于合适信息激活水平得到提升、不合适信息受到抑制所导致。但即使在延迟状态下,不合适先行词的激活水平也并没有降到与一个无关信息等同的程度,表明受精细阐述的错误信息即使在经过更正之后,其在语篇表征中仍有着比较重要的地位。     

不同语言理解能力中学生的语篇连贯推理

该研究使用移动视窗技术考察了初二和高一年级中的高低语言理解能力被试语篇阅读过程中将当前信息与背景信息之间建立联系,建构语篇连贯表征的连贯推理加工特点。结果表明：(1)不同语言理解能力个体对语篇中明确提及信息的记忆无差异,但在阅读过程中进行连贯推理上存在差异。(2)个体进行连贯推理的速度和准确度会随年龄增加有所提高。     

汉语言语产生中词类信息的激活

用图词干扰范式考察汉语言语产生中词类信息的激活.结果表明,无论单个名词命名还是名词短语命名,SOA=-100ms时都出现词类干扰效应,名词干扰条件下图片命名反应时显著长于动词干扰条件下,表明词类信息已经激活.     

话题结构对语篇情绪更新的影响

读者在阅读理解的过程中, 能够推断出故事主角的情绪状态, 并能随着语篇中的情绪变化做出情绪更新。在加工情绪信息的同时, 读者也加工语篇结构方面的信息, 二者皆有可能随着语篇的展开而发生变化。本研究采用自定步速阅读的方法, 分别在外显和内隐两种情绪加工任务下, 考察话题结构对语篇情绪更新的影响。结果发现, 在实验1的外显情绪判断任务下, 话题结构未显示出对语篇情绪更新的作用; 在实验2和实验3的内隐情绪理解任务下, 话题延续时, 情绪转换句的阅读时间长于情绪延续句, 此时情绪更新需要额外的加工时间; 而话题转换时, 二者没有显著差异, 说明此时读者在新结构下建立当前句的情绪表征, 并不受到先前情绪的影响。     

当代西方语篇阅读信息加工理论模型的演进

在探讨阅读过程的信息加工活动的过程中产生了多种理论与模式．当代西方语篇阅读研究的建构一整合模型、建构主义模型和记忆基础模型沿着Kintsch提出的语篇表征三个层次理沦．从各自不同的角度提出了对语篇阅读信息加工过程的看法,建构整合模型主要考察了语篇表征中课文基础表征建构的信息活动过程．建构主义模型和记忆基础模型主要探讨了语篇表征中情境模型的建构和更新过程。     

篇章阅读的动态理解观和计算机模拟的应用

篇章阅读中信息加工的研究一直是文本心理学以及相关科学研究的热点问题。近几年,篇章阅读的动态理解观和计算机模型的影响力正逐步增大。与先前阅读加工观相比,动态理解观整合了阅读的即时加工和延时表征以及两者之间动态的相互关系,并试图捕捉篇章中的每一概念在整个阅读过程中不断变化的激活情况。利用计算机模型研究阅读加工则不像以往的研究方法都需要利用被试的实际阅读反应,在阅读理论的基础上编制的计算机模型能够模拟出人们阅读中的即时表现和阅读后的记忆内容,模拟的数据与行为学实验结果也非常一致     

Neural correlates of three cognitive processes involved in theory of mind and discourse comprehension

Neuroimaging studies have found that theory of mind (ToM) and discourse comprehension involve similar brain regions. These brain regions may be associated with three cognitive components that are necessarily or frequently involved in ToM and discourse comprehension, including social concept representation and retrieval, domain-general semantic integration, and domain-specific integration of social semantic contents. Using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of these three cognitive components by exploring how discourse topic (social/nonsocial) and discourse processing period (ending/beginning) modulate brain activation in a discourse comprehension (and also ToM) task. Different sets of brain areas showed sensitivity to discourse topic, discourse processing period, and the interaction between them, respectively. The most novel finding was that the right temporoparietal junction and middle temporal gyrus showed sensitivity to discourse processing period only during social discourse comprehension, indicating that they selectively contribute to domain-specific semantic integration. Our finding indicates how different domains of semantic information are processed and integrated in the brain and provides new insights into the neural correlates of ToM and discourse comprehension.     

Generating Facial Expressions for Speech

This article reports results from a program that produces high-quality animation of facial expressions and head movements as automatically as possible in conjunction with meaning-based speech synthesis, including spoken intonation. The goal of the research is as much to test and define our theories of the formal semantics for such gestures, as to produce convincing animation. Towards this end, we have produced a high-level programming language for three-dimensional (3-D) animation of facial expressions. We have been concerned primarily with expressions conveying information correlated with the intonation of the voice: This includes the differences of timing, pitch, and emphasis that are related to such semantic distinctions of discourse as “focus,”“topic,” and “comment,”“theme” and “rheme,” or “given” and “new” information. We are also interested in the relation of affect or emotion to facial expression. Until now, systems have not embodied such rule-governed translation from spoken utterance meaning to facial expressions. Our system embodies rules that describe and coordinate these relations: intonation/information, intonation/affect, and facial expressions/affect. A meaning representation includes discourse information: What is contrastive/background information in the given context, and what is the “topic” or “theme” of the discourse? The system maps the meaning representation into how accents and their placement are chosen, how they are conveyed over facial expression, and how speech and facial expressions are coordinated. This determines a sequence of functional groups: lip shapes, conversational signals, punctuators, regulators, and manipulators. Our algorithms then impose synchrony, create coarticulation effects, and determine affectual signals, eye and head movements. The lowest level representation is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which makes the generation system portable to other facial models.     

The deep versus the shallow: effects of co-speech gestures in learning from discourse

This study concerned the role of gestures that accompany discourse in deep learning processes. We assumed that co-speech gestures favor the construction of a complete mental representation of the discourse content, and we tested the predictions that a discourse accompanied by gestures, as compared with a discourse not accompanied by gestures, should result in better recollection of conceptual information, a greater number of discourse-based inferences drawn from the information explicitly stated in the discourse, and poorer recognition of verbatim of the discourse. The results of three experiments confirmed these predictions.     

Category learning and change: differences in sensitivity to information that enhances or reduces intercategory distinctions

We examined the amenability of abstractions of categories to new and relevant information. In Experiment 1, Ss formed impressions of 2 sets of numbers by periodically estimating the cumulative means of each set. During the 1st half of the procedure, the 2 means were mathematically stable. During the 2nd half of the procedure, the mean of 1 set was modified and the mean of the other set remained unchanged. We predicted and found that the resultant estimates for the modified category changed more when the mean difference between the 2 categories was enhanced than when it was reduced. Experiment 2 suggested that the accentuation effect results from a 2-stage process of category learning (Stage 1) and category change (Stage 2). Experiment 3 replicated the effect with person categories. The relevance of category accentuation is discussed with respect to the modifiability of social beliefs.     

语篇理解中语境对代词理解的影响

该研究考察了语篇理解中整体语境和局部语境对代词理解的影响。向被试呈现语篇,其中包括带有语义偏向的整体语境和局部语境以及代词。要求被试判断代词的所指。结果发现,当代词和整体语境出现时,被试并不立刻判断,等局部语境也出现以后,才判断代词的先行词。这一结果支持“首先建立句子袭征,再把句子表征与语篇表征相整合”的分阶段加工观点。