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类别学习中的分类和推理 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
该文介绍了类别学习中的分类和推理两种任务,并从学习的条件、过程、结果和发展等方面的归纳了当前研究的最新进展。表明了类别的分类学习和推理学习有相同的形式,但学习的信息处理过程和学习的结果不同。分类学习关注类别间的区分性信息,更可能是样例学习结果;推理学习更为关注单个类别内部的共同性信息,更可能是原型学习结果。这方面的结论强化了基于解释的观点。 相似文献
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类别学习是人类对不同类别加以归类的过程。类别信息的表征、分类策略运用的特点一直是类别学习研究的重点。非监控类别学习可分为直接的非监控类别学习和间接的非监控类别学习。直接的非监控类别学习(非限制任务, 限制任务)中被试的分类策略具有分类“单维度倾向”策略特点,类别变异程度会影响类别表征; 间接的非监控类别学习更倾向形成相似性表征, 直接的非监控类别学习则为基于规则表征。现有的非监控类别学习的理论对分类策略和表征的解释仍显薄弱, 不同学习任务下类别迁移和知识效应的研究还存在不足, 未来研究还需要进一步验证知识效应对非监控类别学习的认知加工过程的影响、探索影响类别表征形成的因素等问题。 相似文献
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三个实验采用阻碍效应研究范式探讨主题知识对类别学习的影响。实验1探讨定义特征维度为机械特征时,主题知识对类别学习的影响;实验2和实验3,通过考察定义特征维度为知识特征时,类别学习中阻碍效应的大小,继续探讨主题知识对类别学习的影响。实验结果发现:(1)当定义特征维度为机械特征时,主题知识的存在没有促进类别学习。这可能因为定义特征维度为机械特征,主题知识难以发现所致;(2)当定义特征维度为知识特征时,类别学习中的阻碍效应消失,证明主题知识的存在促进了类别学习。研究结果再次支持了类别学习不仅仅受到减少归类错误驱动的观点。 相似文献
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传统的观点认为,儿童早期的分类是基于类别的归纳的基础。根据这种观点,儿童早期的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的。该研究在不同材料条件下测试了4岁儿童面临知觉相似和概念冲突时的自由分类与归纳推理的一致性。研究结果显示,在照片条件下,4岁儿童的自由分类和基于类别的归纳是不一致的,儿童的分类主要是基于知觉相似的,而基于类别的归纳主要是基于概念的;在线条画条件下,儿童的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的,都主要是基于知觉相似的。这些结果显示,儿童早期的分类和基于类别的关系是复杂的。 相似文献
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当前概率类别学习中主要存在多系统和单系统两种观点之争, 而持不同观点的研究者在其实验中分别采用了不同的线索位置呈现方式, 因此本研究采用经典的天气预测任务通过操纵线索位置的呈现方式来进一步探讨其对概率类别学习的影响。本研究包括2个实验:实验1考察所有线索位置固定和随机对概率类别学习系统的影响; 实验2通过单线索模式下线索位置固定考察概率类别学习的策略。结果发现, 当所有线索的呈现位置固定时, 概率类别学习是外显学习; 而当所有线索的呈现位置随机时, 概率类别学习是内隐学习; 而当只在线索单独出现时固定其位置, 概率类别学习仍是内隐学习。结果表明, 线索位置的不同呈现方式会影响概率类别学习中外显和内隐学习系统的竞争, 研究支持了多系统观点, 且概率类别学习的主要策略可能是多线索策略而不是单模式策略。 相似文献
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基于不同的理论预设和方法学路线,组织咨询心理学领域形成了三种代表性的研究取向,即经验实证取向、临床治疗学取向以及实践-知识创生取向.文章在系统阐述三种取向基本观点的基础上,就组织观、研究方法、实践特征等同题对三者加以分析比较,并指出了各取向所面I临的挑战. 相似文献
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智慧与自我超越的关系紧密虽毋庸置疑,但基于智慧理论取向的不同,其关系模式存在三种观点:自我超越是智慧表现的影响因素;自我超越是智慧的一个方面或子类型;自我超越是智慧心理过程的核心。三种观点的分歧源自智慧定义取向的不同,在各自的理论体系中都有其合理性。以自我超越式的智慧自我为核心的智慧自我-人格-表现纵深模型整合了现有智慧与自我超越关系的多种观点,在发现每种观点更适宜的解释水平及其背后意义的同时,为进一步探究智慧多层内涵提供了可能研究方向。 相似文献
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概念改变是科学学习和教学的重要问题。研究表明有些错误概念难于转变,本文从本体类别的观点出发,阐释了错误概念难于改变的原因,进而细致地分析了力的概念,以支持本体类别的观点,最后提出跨本体类别间概念改变的教学对策。 相似文献
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Makmiller Pedroso 《Synthese》2009,170(1):21-31
Some mathematicians and philosophers contend that set theory plays a foundational role in mathematics. However, the development
of category theory during the second half of the twentieth century has encouraged the view that this theory can provide a
structuralist alternative to set-theoretical foundations. Against this tendency, criticisms have been made that category theory
depends on set-theoretical notions and, because of this, category theory fails to show that set-theoretical foundations are
dispensable. The goal of this paper is to show that these criticisms are misguided by arguing that category theory is entirely
autonomous from set theory. 相似文献
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Ofra Magidor 《Philosophical Studies》2017,174(1):65-78
Category mistakes are sentences such as ‘The number two is blue’ or ‘Green ideas sleep furiously’. Such sentences are highly infelicitous and thus a prominent view claims that they are meaningless. Category mistakes are also highly prevalent in figurative language. That is to say, it is very common for sentences which are used figuratively to be such that, if taken literally, they would constitute category mistakes. (Consider for example the metaphor ‘The poem is pregnant’, the metonymy ‘The White House decided to change its policy’, or a fictional use of ‘The tree was happy’.) In this paper I argue that the view that category mistakes are meaningless is inconsistent with many central and otherwise plausible theories of figurative language. Thus if the meaninglessness view is correct, the theories in question must each be rejected, and conversely, if any of the theories in question is correct, the meaninglessness view must be wrong. The debates concerning the semantics of figurative language and concerning the semantic status of category mistakes are closely connected. 相似文献
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创造能力不同学生的分类加工过程差异的眼动特点 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在分类理论观的基础上, 本研究在目标匹配范式下, 使用可以表示一定概念的现实物体或场景的图片材料, 通过眼动记录法对分类加工过程的分离, 考察了40名创造能力不同的中学生分类加工过程的差异。结果表明, 在首次加工阶段, 创造能力高和低的被试均先对目标类别概念进行加工, 然后再对选项区的待分类概念进行加工。创造能力高的被试更多地使用概括性的加工策略完成任务并表现出加工的有效性, 创造能力低的被试更多地使用比较性的加工策略表现出加工的无效性。在再加工阶段, 高和低创造能力的被试将加工的重点放在待分类概念上。创造能力低的被试通过概括和比较的策略完成任务。 相似文献
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We evaluate two competing accounts of the relationship between beauty and category structure. According to the similarity-based view, beauty arises from category structure such that central items are favored due to their increased fluency. In contrast, the theory-based view holds that people’s theories of beauty shape their perceptions of categories. In the present study, subjects learned to categorize abstract paintings into meaningfully labeled categories and rated the paintings’ beauty, value, and typicality. Inconsistent with the similarity-based view, beauty ratings were highly correlated across conditions despite differences in fluency and assigned category structure. Consistent with the theory-based view, beautiful paintings were treated as central members for categories expected to contain beautiful paintings (e.g., art museum pieces), but not in others (e.g., student show pieces). These results suggest that the beauty of complex, real-world stimuli is not determined by fluency within category structure but, instead, interacts with people’s prior knowledge to structure categories. 相似文献
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Collin Rice 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2016,92(3):597-619
In contrast to earlier views that argued for a particular kind of concept (e.g. prototypes), several recent accounts have proposed that there are multiple distinct kinds of concepts, or that there is a plurality of concepts for each category. In this paper, I argue for a novel account of concepts as pluralistic hybrids. According to this view, concepts are pluralistic because there are several concepts for the same category whose use is heavily determined by context. In addition, concepts are hybrids because they typically link together several different kinds of information that are used in the same cognitive processes. This alternative view accounts for the available empirical data, allows for greater cognitive flexibility than Machery's recent account, and overcomes several objections to traditional hybrid views. 相似文献
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J M Henderson 《Canadian journal of psychology》1992,46(3):319-341
When we view a natural visual scene, we seem able to determine effortlessly the scene's semantic category, constituent objects, and spatial relations. How do we accomplish this visual-cognitive feat? The commonly held explanation is known as the schema hypothesis, according to which a visual scene is rapidly identified as a member of a semantic category, and predictions generated from the scene category are then used to aid subsequent object identification. In this paper I will first outline and offer a critique of the evidence that has been taken to support the schema hypothesis. I will then offer an alternative framework for understanding scene processing, which I will call the local-processing hypothesis. This hypothesis assumes a modular, informationally-encapsulated architecture, and explicitly includes the role of covert visual attention in scene processing. 相似文献