关于名称的指称功能问题——“指谓”、“指称”与“固定指示”

关于名称的指称功能问题——“指谓”、“指称”与“固定指示”牟博在语言哲学中，当谈到语言与实在的指称性关系时，我们概括地、笼统地把这种关系称为“指称关系”①，对它的研究形成意义理论的核心内容之一，即“指称理论”（ｔｈｅｏｒｙｏｆｒｅｆｅｒ－ｅｎｃｅ）。...     

论利奥塔的“科学游戏”与“合法化”

一、科学、叙事与语言游戏“语言游戏”是维特根斯坦后期思想中的一个重大发明。他发现游戏是理解语言与真实世界的一个更好的思维模型 ,便一反其前期思想中语言和真实世界的“图像”关系 ,提出了与“生活形式”紧密相联的“语言游戏”概念。他认为“语言和与语言交织在一起的那些行动所组成的整体叫作语言游戏”① ,而且“语言游戏一词的使用意在突出语言的述说乃是一种活动 ,或是一种生活形式的一个部分”② 。这一理论为后现代主义者提供了理论平台 ,利奥塔 (ＪｅａｎＦｒａｎｃｏｉｓＬｙｏｔａｒｄ ,1 92 4- 1 998)就充分利用了这一理…     

“中国逻辑与当代语言哲学研讨会”

“中国逻辑与当代语言哲学研讨会”在香港科技大学举行由香港科技大学人文学部主办的“中国逻辑与当代语言哲学研讨会”于１９９５年９月２８—３０日在该校校董议事室举行，来自大陆、台湾、澳门、香港的２０多位专家学者应邀出席了会议。与会者先后报告了所提交的论文，...     

“逻辑与语言病院”应建立“会诊制度”

贵刊设“逻辑与语言病院”一栏,一例一议,剖析以逻辑错误为主的常见语病,实在是一个非常切实的好办法。从1982年第一、第二两期的情况看,该栏办得生动活泼,读后受益非浅。但有少数语病的分析是值得商榷的。这使我们觉得这个“病院”有必要明确建立“会诊制度”。“逻辑大夫”任“主治医生”是可以的,但也应该认真考虑“语言大夫”和“修辞大夫”的“诊断”。兹略举数例如下,以说明“会诊”之必要。     

浅谈山水画写生中“真”“意”“趣”的追求与表现

山水画写生是画者将自己的情思与客观物象结合在一起形成“胸中之竹”,然后运用绘画语言将“胸中之竹”表现出来,只是在这整个过程中,画者需做到在定心静观、抓住物象的“质”后再加以表现,这样才能恰到好处地表现物象的“真”、“意”、“趣”.     

让“小小”修辞跃动你的语文

我真的无法想象，离开了语言，这个世界会是怎样的。因为语言是我们重要的交际工具，是人类文化的重要组成部分。而语言作为一种重要的工具，也是我们表达思想，情感的重要载体。《左传》中说：“言之无文，行而不远。”，这里面的“文”更多指的是语言的修辞。那何为修辞呢？     

“技术转向”与转向技术的条件

技术社会中的思想好像总要托生为时尚话语才会得到关注 ,如今的哲学表述便日益诉诸时尚语句。近来 ,有学者推出“技术转向”概念 ,在我看来 ,这是试图以时尚方式唤起人们关注技术问题的又一次努力。我们知道 ,“技术转向”一词脱胎于“语言转向”即ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔｉｃｔｕｒｎ ,而“语言转向”又总被归结为“转向语言”即ｔｕｒｎｉｎｇ -ｔｏ -ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ。这种理解依据的是哲学史中的一个事实 :2 0世纪许多哲学家把注意力转向了语言问题。从这个角度说 ,“语言转向”陈述的似乎只是哲学家的“注意力转向”。也正是循着这个思路 ,…     

蟋蟀——战场秘密联络的“通信兵”

蟋蟀“吱吱”的叫声，是它们彼此传递信息、进行联络的语言，这也被军界所利用，使这种只会“吱吱”乱叫的昆虫，摇身成为战场秘密联系的“通信兵”。     

论“语言转向”的性质和意义

二十世纪哲学领域里发生的“语言转向”，对哲学研究的对象、方法以及哲学论著的风格，产生了极其重大的影响，使它们发生了根本性的变化。值得注意的是，如今在我国哲学界，相当多的人认为，“语言转向”已经过时，甚至作为它的直接产物和结果的“分析哲学”和“语言哲学”也已经过时了。他们还认为，这种结果是必然的，因为这场革命所赖以生存的基础──数理逻辑方法──是有局限性的：哥德尔定理宣告了形式方法是有矛盾的；语言分析的方法是有很大的局限性的；哲学的根本问题，特别是形而上学问题是不能用这样的方法来解决的。在某种意义…     

也谈“除非”与“除了”

《逻辑与语言学习》一九八七年第二期上发表的《关于“除非”与“除了”》一文(以下简称《关》文)提出:“除非”与“除了”是两个意思相近的表示条件关系的关联词语。认为“除非……才……”与“除非……不……”两种格式表示的意思完全一样;“除了……才……”与“除了……不……”两种格式表示的意思也完全一样。这些句式中的“除非”和“除了”都可以用     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.