高中生的英语学习策略及其影响因素的研究

现有的研究表明,学生的英语成绩会受到学习策略、观念和自我效能感的影响.本文在回顾现有研究成果和相关理论的基础上,采用访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法,对高中生的英语成绩、学习策略、观念和自我效能感的关系进行研究,进一步讨论高中生的英语学习策略的影响因素和路径,得出以下结论:一、英语学习策略、学习观念、自我效能感、英语成绩之间的相关显著,英语成绩受认知记忆策略的影响最大;二、最常用的英语学习策略是补偿策略、记忆认知策略和元认知策略;三、影响高中生英语学习策略掌握的主要自我效能感因素为学习能力和挑战心,主要学习观念因素是方法和自信.     

初中生自我调节学习发展研究

研究基于自我调节学习理论,以初中生为被试,采用问卷调查的方法,构建了自我调节学习的发展模式,并以此为基础探讨了元认知、认知策略、自我效能感、动机情绪策略和资源管理策略等因素随年级发展变化的规律及作用。结果表明,年级不同其自我调节学习发展模式不同;低年级自我效能感、学习策略对成绩有直接作用,高年级自我效能感对成绩的作用必须以元认知和认知策略为中介,随年级增长元认知的直接作用越明显。     

非英语专业大学生CET4成绩影响因素的结构模型

以501名参加过CET4的非英语专业大学生为研究对象,通过英语自我效能感问卷（ESEQ）、英语学习焦虑量表（ELAS）和英语学习策略量表（ELSI）的测量,探讨CET4成绩与其主要影响因素性别、英语自我效能感、英语学习焦虑和英语学习策略之间的结构关系模型。结果显示：（1）非英语专业大学生的英语学习焦虑存在显著的性别差异（女生低于男生）;（2）性别除与英语学习策略不存在直接路径作用外,与CET4成绩、英语自我效能感、英语学习焦虑间均存在直接路径作用;（3）英语学习焦虑对CET4成绩既存在直接路径作用,又通过英语自我效能感、英语学习策略和英语自我效能感的中介产生问接路径作用;（4）英语学习策略仅通过英语自我效能感的中介对CET4成绩产生间接路径作用。研究还表明英语自我效能感在CET4成绩影响因素的结构模型中起着瓶颈作用。     

学习困难学生语义分类编码策略的研究

通过对３８名学习困难学生与４８名学习优秀学生使用语义编码策略的比较研究,发现学习困难学生不能像学习优秀学生那样自觉地在学习的信息加工过程中使用学习策略;学习困难学生不使用学习策略的机械学习成绩与学习优秀学生无显著差异;教育训练有助于学习困难学生将语义编码之类的活动运用于信息加工过程而促进学习。     

中学生学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就关系的研究

本研究随机选取初一、初二、高一、高二年级共442人为被试,采用协方差结构模型考察了中学生学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就之间都存在显著的正相关;(2)学习策略运用、学习效能感直接影响学生的学业成就,学习坚持性则通过影响学生学习策略的运用间接影响学业成就,学习效能感与学习坚持性二者相互影响;(3)学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性对学业成就的影响效应依次为,学习效能感最大,学习策略运用其次,学习坚持性再次。     

中学生的学习观及其对学业成绩的影响路径

该研究采用自编的中学生学习观问卷测查中学生的学习观现状。在此基础上,进一步研究学习观与学习策略、学业自我效能感及学业成绩的关系,探讨学习观对学业成绩的影响路径。研究结论如下:中学生的学习观总体上是倾向于建构性的;初中生与高中生、学优生与学差生在学习观的一些维度上存在显著差异;中学生的学习观对学业成绩既存在显著的直接影响,同时也通过影响学习策略、学业自我效能感对学业成绩产生间接影响。     

高中生目标定向、学习策略、归因与成绩的关系

该文采用问卷调查的方法,对270名高中生的目标定向、学习策略、归因的特点及其与成绩的关系进行了研究。结果表明：1）男生的掌握定向倾向强于女生,且在学习中更多地采用认知和元认知策略,而女生则具有更明显的能力和内部归因。2）归因与目标定向、学习策略间呈现出较为复杂的相关关系。3）复述策略和努力归因能够负向预测成绩,调节和努力管理策略可以正向预测成绩,而目标定向通过归因和学习策略间接影响成绩。     

小学生学习坚持性和学习投入在效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用*

采用学习坚持性问卷、自我效能感问卷、内在价值问卷和学习投入量表,对407名四、五年级小学生施测,并收集学生期中考试成绩作为客观指标,建立结构方程模型以考察学习坚持性和学习投入在自我效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)学习坚持性与自我效能感、内在价值、学习投入、学业成就均显著正相关;(2)学习坚持性可以部分中介自我效能感与学习投入、内在价值与学习投入之间的相关;(3)学习坚持性通过学习投入的中介作用影响学业成就。     

多篇章学习中提取练习策略对高阶技能的影响

采用多篇章学习方式, 结合测试效应研究的经典范式, 设计两个实验探究提取练习策略对高阶技能的影响。结果表明：(1)连续学习3篇文章后, 在最终测试阶段学习策略主效应显著, 提取练习组高阶技能的成绩更优：提取组在每篇文章学习间隔中插入即时测试, 无论是概念型知识还是高阶技能, 最终测试中的成绩都显著高于重学组, 但其反应时却低于重学组。在提取练习组中, 概念型知识与高阶技能成绩均有提升, 但概念型知识比高阶技能提升幅度明显; (2)将篇章数扩展至5篇后, 最终测试中, 提取练习组的成绩仍显著高于重学组。对高阶技能4个维度作以分析后发现, 两组在应用与分析维度上差异显著, 但在评估与创造维度上, 提取练习组成绩虽有提升但差异不显著。结果证实了提取练习是高效学习的有效策略, 不仅体现在单独内容的记忆保持, 也可扩展到连续学习中高阶技能的发展与促进。研究支持了情景语境解释对提取练习内部机制的阐述, 并进一步验证了前摄抑制干扰理论和上下文内容转换假说的观点。     

初中生英语词汇学习策略与英语成绩的相关研究

词汇是语言学习的基本单位。本研究使用《初中生词汇学习策略问卷》对江西省某中学99名初二学生的英语词汇策略使用现状进行了调查,并探讨了其与英语成绩的关系。结果表明,学生普遍持词汇最好是一遍一遍记的学习观念。在三种一级学习策略中,初中生较多地使用认知策略,尤其是其中的重复策略,这与其学习观念有关。英语学习成绩与词汇学习策略正相关,而且,成绩好的学生比成绩落后的学生有更好的学习策略。     

目标定向在自我调节学习中的作用

该研究主要探讨了目标定向与认知策略、失败应对方式之间的关系,以及三者与学业成绩之间的关系,在此基础上对目标定向在自我调节学习中的作用提出了假设：目标定向是自我调节学习的始动机制,它影响着个体在学习中所采用的认知策略,以及在学业失败后所选择的应对方式,而认知策略和失败应对方式则直接对学习效果产生影响。     

Parenting behaviors and learning of Singapore students: The mediational role of achievement goals

This study examined the mediational role of achievement goals between parental behaviors and learning outcomes. A sample of 1667 Singapore Secondary 3 students took the measures of parental involvement in learning, parental control, mastery approach and avoidance goals, performance approach and avoidance goals, as well as seven learning outcome variables in their math study. We conducted complex structural equation modeling analysis to take into account the hierarchical structure of the data and found a good fit for the hypothesized partial mediation model. More specifically, parental involvement in learning was associated with an adaptive learning profile (i.e., self-regulated engagement in learning activities, low anxiety, high perceived competence, and high achievement), partially or mainly through its positive relationship with mastery approach goals. Parental control predicted a maladaptive coping orientation (i.e., low persistence and high anxiety) and low achievement partially through its positive relationship with mastery and performance avoidance goals. The findings are discussed in the academic context of Singapore.     

初中生成就目标定向、学习策略与学业成绩之间的关系研究

以432名初中学生为被试,通过问卷调查,考察初中生成就目标定向、学习策略与学业成绩之间的关系。结果表明：成就目标定向、学习策略对学业成绩均存在显著的总体影响,其中学习策略对学业成绩产生显著的直接影响,并且主要是通过认知策略和动机策略来产生;成就目标定向对学业成绩不存在显著的直接影响,但通过学习策略这个中介变量产生显著的间接影响。成就目标定向主要是通过元认知策略对学习策略产生显著的直接影响。     

Social context,student's motivation,and academic achievement: Toward a process model

The purpose of the present research was to propose and test a motivational process model of academic achievement. The model posits that parental, teachers, and school administration support for students' autonomy positively influences students' perceived school competence and autonomy. In turn, perceived school competence and autonomy affect positively self-determined school motivation which in turn influences academic achievement. Two studies using a prospective design tested the adequacy of the model. In Study I, participants were 1,623 ninth-grade students. Results from structural equation modeling supported the motivational model. Participants in Study 2 were 1,098 tenth-grade students. Results from this study corroborated those of Study 1 controlling for students' prior achievement in the ninth grade. The role of self-determinod school motivation in academic achievement is discussed and avenues for future research are considered.     

Self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes: the influence of implicit theories of the nature of ability and achievement goal orientations

Aim: To investigate the role of implicit theories of ability and achievement goals on self-handicapping strategies in physical education classes.Hypotheses: It was expected that incremental theories of ability would be negatively associated with self-handicapping strategies, whereas fixed theories of ability would enhance pupils’ self-reported use of such strategies. It was also hypothesised that low perceived competence would reinforce self-handicapping among pupils holding fixed theories of ability and an ego goal orientation.Method: A cross-sectional study of 9th graders in Norway (N=343; 166 boys and 177 girls) was conducted in which pupils responded to a questionnaire measuring sub-dimensions of fixed and incremental theories of ability, achievement goal orientations, perceived competence and self-handicapping in physical education.Results: Regression-based path analyses revealed that a fixed theory of ability had a direct positive effect on self-handicapping. The effects of an incremental implicit theory of ability on self-handicapping were negative and mediated by a task orientation. High perceived competence was found to buffer the aversive affect of holding a stable theory of ability on self-handicapping.Conclusion: The findings illustrate the importance of studying implicit motivational beliefs in physical education classes in order to provide an understanding of self-handicapping strategies among pupils.     

学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的中介效应研究

以227名大学二年级理科生为被试,采用问卷调查法,探讨了学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的作用。结果表明：（1）认知策略、元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就关系中起完全中介的作用,而资源管理策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（2）认知策略、元认知策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用,而资源管理策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（3）认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略在开放性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用。（4）元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用以及在开放性风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用都是相对较大的。     

The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in physical education

Our objective in this study was to test the new social-cognitive model of achievement motivation in a physical education setting. Research was conducted on a sample of 895 physical education students, ages 12 to 16 years. We measured perception of the motivational climate conveyed by the teacher, implicit beliefs of ability, perceived competence, 2 x 2 achievement goals and self-determined motivation. We carried out structural equation modeling to analyse the relationships among variables. Results showed that task climate positively predicted incremental belief, whereas ego climate positively predicted entity belief. Both climates positively predicted perceived competence. Incremental belief positively predicted mastery-approach goals, performance-approach goals and avoidance goals, whereas entity belief positively predicted performance-approach goals and avoidance goals. Perceived competence positively predicted mastery-approach and performance-approach goals. Mastery-approach goal positively predicted self-determined motivation, whereas performance-approach goal and avoidance goals negatively predicted self-determined motivation.     

Changes in achievement goals and competence perceptions across the college semester

We investigated the relationship between changes in perceptions of competence and changes in achievement goals across a college semester for students enrolled in an introductory psychology course. Two types of competence perceptions were examined: self-efficacy for learning and normative perceived ability. Changes in normative perceived ability were predicted to relate to changes in performance goals, but not mastery goals. Because mastery goals rely on self-referent standards to evaluate ability, we predicted changes in self-efficacy for learning would relate to changes in mastery goals. We also expected changes in self-efficacy for learning to relate to changes in performance goals because learning can lead to the demonstration of superior competence. The predictions were supported for mastery and performance-approach goals, but not for performance-avoidance goals. Very little change in performance-avoidance goals was observed. Scores on the first course exam also predicted change in performance-approach goals, with this effect partially mediated by competence perceptions.     

Goals: an approach to motivation and achievement

This study tested a framework in which goals are proposed to be central determinants of achievement patterns. Learning goals, in which individuals seek to increase their competence, were predicted to promote challenge-seeking and a mastery-oriented response to failure regardless of perceived ability. Performance goals, in which individuals seek to gain favorable judgments of their competence or avoid negative judgments, were predicted to produce challenge-avoidance and learned helplessness when perceived ability was low and to promote certain forms of risk-avoidance even when perceived ability was high. Manipulations of relative goal value (learning vs. performance) and perceived ability (high vs. low) resulted in the predicted differences on measures of task choice, performance during difficulty, and spontaneous verbalizations during difficulty. Particularly striking was the way in which the performance goal-low perceived ability condition produced the same pattern of strategy deterioration, failure attribution, and negative affect found in naturally occurring learned helplessness. Implications for theories of motivation and achievement are discussed.