高压钠灯、高压汞灯、荧光灯和白炽灯对视敏度的影响

本项工作的目的是核查以线光谱为特征的光源在各种适应亮度(0.75尼特至125尼特)下对于视敏度的影响,结果如下: 1.在四种光源照明下,视敏度随着亮度的增加而增加,当达到一定亮度时,视敏度的增加趋向饱和。 2.以线光谱为特征的光源在同等亮度下视敏度大于以连续光谱为特征的白炽灯。 3.高压钠灯和高压汞灯在各种亮度时的视敏度差异不显著。 4.在7.5尼特—25尼特时四种光源的视敏度差异不显著。     

环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度对荧光屏(CRT)显示颜色编码的影响

本研究对不同环境照明强度、色温及色标亮度条件下荧光屏(CRT)16种显示色的绝对辨色效果进行了比较。结果表明,随照明强度增加,辨色效果下降,2800K色温照明下的辨色效果优于1800K、5800K色温照明,高亮度色标有利于提高辨色效果。根据实验结果可得到不同照明条件下的CRT显示颜色编码系统,且提高CRT显示色亮度可扩大颜色编码范围。     

光源显色性对视觉辨认的影响

本实验采用四种不同显色特性的光源分别作为两种类型视标的照明。在同一照度上对各照明条件下的视觉敏度予以测定和计算。结果表明:增加光源显色指数对于颜色背景上黑色视标的辨认能力有所提高;而对于中灰色背景上颜色视标的辨认能力则有所下降。这种效果主要是由于在不同光源照明下,视标与背景的亮度对比变化所致。结果还表明:使用中灰背景颜色视标在辨认效果上优于颜色背景黑视标。对前一类型视标采用高压钠灯照明有助于提高视觉辨别力。这对推广应用这种显色指数较低,但光效率较高的新光源有实际意义。     

照明心理学中评价光源显色性的新方法

同色异谱体色品失配的理论对照明心理学中的参数——光源显色性,提供了一个新颖的评价方法。笔者计算解出了对D_(65),10°视场的同色异谱基本黑色体;阐明它在产生大量同色异谱体上的应用;推论色品失配域的计算方法;引证在评价光源显色性上的典型实例。     

肋间神经阻滞镇痛在老年人小切口肺叶切除术后的临床观察

评价肋间神经阻滞镇痛在老年人小切口下开胸术后的临床效果。选取60例在胸腔镜辅助下小切口开胸的老年患者,随机分为三组,A、B组在关胸前以0．5％的ropivacain行肋间神经阻滞;B、C组术后均给予fentanyl（0．01mg／ml）静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）。结果直观模拟标度K（VAS）测定术后疼痛,三组患者均达到满意的效果,在血清皮质醇、血氧饱和度和不良反应方面A组与B组差异无显著（P〉O．05）,C组与A、B组差并存在显著性（P〈O．05）。三组患者平均术后住院天数,A、B两组扣C组差异存在显著性（P〈O．05）。肋间神经阻滞镇痛对老年人小切口开胸手术减少术后疼痛和改善预后有较好的临床效果。     

心理物理法在织物手感研究中的作用

一、引言随着心理学的普及和广泛应用,许多工程技术使用了一些典型的心理物理法。光学物理使用心理物理法来测定光谱辐射的相对视见率,照明工程也用它来确定采光的标准。在颜色学上,曾有人根据色调、亮度和饱和度的最小可觉梯度来制定颜色的三度空间的系统。在纺织业中,可希望制作方法的改变和对物理特性和心理感觉的测定,使新产品比旧产品更受人喜爱。织物手感是由织物的物理机械性能作用于人的触觉(手),而人,在此基础上,根据自己的经验(包括喜爱)对它所作的判断。因此,它既不等     

彩色片常见物体记忆色及宽容度的研究

前言 在室外的景物中,最常见的颜色是人类肤色、树叶、绿草、蓝天和土这几种颜色,人们对这些常见色的评价往往是依据他们的记忆或印象去衡量的。当被还原的颜色与人们记忆中的相匹配时,人们才感到满意,因此,所谓记忆色也往往就是优选色或喜爱色。伊斯     

中国新生儿到三岁幼儿肤色色度的测定

采用一台302D型测色色差计对我国508名从新生儿到三岁幼儿(男性250人,女性258人)的肤色色度进行了测定。结果表明:新生儿期(出生1—14天)的肤色色度与婴儿期(2月—12月)及先学龄前期(1—3岁)有着明显不同,新生儿的肤色更偏于黄红,平均主波长为587.6nm;反射率为25.4%,明显较之其它年龄阶段为低。随着年龄的增长,肤色逐渐增加黄的成分,反射率也逐渐增高,到2—3岁阶段达到最高峰,平均反射率为32.1%。刺激纯度(饱和度)在新生儿期(1—14天)为30.4%,较之其它年龄阶段为高,但从婴儿期(2—12月)开始则明显下降,而从先学龄前期(1—3岁)又逐渐回升增高。这种情况可能代表我国黄色人种儿童肤色发展变化的一种规律。     

汉字字体对判读效果的影响

本研究以判读正确率为指标,在三种照明条件下,比较了宋体、黑体、长仿宋体和正仿宋体四种汉字字体的工效,结果表明:(1)宋体和黑体的判读效果优于正仿宋体和长仿宋体,长仿宋体的判读效果又较正仿宋体差;(2)照明条件对汉字判读效果有一定的影响,过高的环境照明和字符亮度对汉字判读产生不利的影响。     

不同背景照明光下正确辨认颜色灯光信号的亮度对比阈

本研究的目的是考察辨认颜色灯光信号的亮度对比阈与背景亮度的关系。实验采用了色温3100k和5000k两种照明光,信号灯的颜色分红、橙、绿三种。实验结果表明:(1)随着背景亮度的提高,亮度对比阈以递减速度下降;当背景亮度达到100cd/m~2以上时,亮度对比阈渐趋稳定。(2)在两种不同色温照明光下,色灯信号的辨认效果无明显差异。     

Sex-Dimorphic Color Preference in Children with Gender Identity Disorder: A Comparison to Clinical and Community Controls

The present study was designed to assess sex-dimorphic color preferences in children with gender identity disorder (47 boys, 18 girls), clinical controls (65 boys, 35 girls), and community controls (65 boys, 35 girls). The mean age of the children was 7.63 years (range?=?3–12 years). Children were shown a hexagon-shaped display of 144 colors extracted from PowerPoint?. Each child was asked to choose his or her three favorite colors (Trials 1–3) by pointing to them, naming them, and then to provide a justification for each choice. From the entire array, children labeled a total of 11 different colors: black, blue, brown, gray, green, orange, pink, purple, red, white, and yellow. For three of the colors (blue, pink/purple, and red), there was evidence for normative sex differences in color preference, and, for the colors blue and pink/purple, the gender-referred children showed inverted patterns of color preference. For the color blue, luminance values showed that the gender-referred boys and control girls preferred lighter shades, whereas the gender-referred girls and control boys preferred darker shades. Qualitative analysis indicated that gender-specific justifications were uncommon, even for the sex-dimorphic colors. Gender-referred children showed inverted gender-stereotyped color preferences, which are likely related to their more general pattern of cross-gender identification. Principles of gender-differentiated development derived from gender-schema theory are used to explain the group differences in color preferences.     

Perceptions of and Preferences for Skin Color,Black Racial Identity,and Self‐Esteem Among African Americans1

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of skin color (i.e., lightness–darkness), as it pertains to racial identity development theory and self‐esteem among 113 African American college students of various skin colors. Findings revealed that the sample preferred skin color of a medium tone, rather than exhibiting self‐preference for either lighter or darker skin tones. There was also a significant relationship between one's perceptions of and preferences for his or her skin color and the skin tones idealized by others (e.g., opposite gender, family). Lighter skin color was positively related to higher levels of racial identity attitudes (immersion/emersion); the more satisfied darker skinned individuals were with their skin color, the lower their self‐esteem, and gender differences existed in perceptions of others’ preferences for skin color. Implications of this study for providing therapeutic clinical services and fostering the healthy psychological development of African American men, women, and children are discussed.     

Color preferences, extraversion, and neuroticism of art students.

Color preferences of 190 art students (G?tz & G?tz, 1974, 1975) were compared with the corresponding scores on extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). It was found that the preferences of a group of 27 highly gifted young artists were different from preferences of average and less gifted Ss who had little or no artistic practice. In the latter group extraverts and ambiverts mainly preferred primary and secondary colors (light clear and dark clear tones included), while introverts preferred tertiary colors (earth colors) and achromatics. However, in the group of highly gifted Ss no significant differences between positive and negative rankings in both color categories were found. Neuroticism had no effect on color preferences; this holds for introverts and extraverts and for each single color.     

Short-term memory and information processing in pigeons

Six pigeons were trained to asymptotic performance on a variable-delay matching-to-sample task in which the samples were sometimes line or color elements and sometimes line-color compounds. On compound-sample trials, the comparison stimuli were sometimes color elements and sometimes line-tilts. Sample type and delay (0, 1.5, and 4.5 sec) were varied within sessions, and sample duration (.4, 1.0, and 3.0 sec) was varied between sessions. Forgetting curves were steeper for line-tilt than for color. As sample duration increased, matching performance improved more for colors than for line-tilts, especially at delays greater than zero. Performance was better with element samples than with compound samples only on the line-tilt dimension at zero delay. Some predictions of a unitary trace growth and decay theory of pigeon short-term memory were not confirmed. A dual-code hypothesis was proposed to account for the data.     

Social preference of female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) as influenced by coat color of males

Female gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of three distinct coat colors (agouti, black, and sandy or pink-eyed dilution) were tested in a Y-maze whose arms led to compartments containing unfamiliar male gerbils of varying coat colors. The stimulus animals were separated from the females by a Plexiglas door. The trials lasted for 2 min and each female was exposed to the following four combinations: two males of the same coloring as the female; one male of the same color and another of a different color from the female; both males of different color from the female. The number of crossings to the left and right arms was relayed by photocells to an IBM PC computer. The results indicate that agouti females preferred visiting the arm occupied by agouti males while those of the other coat colors showed no preference for the "wild-type" males. Instead, sandy and black female gerbils preferred to be in proximity with those of non-wild types.     

Influence of Value on Spatial Balance of Color Pairs

The spatial balance of the component colors is an important element of color harmony in a design. Munsell (1905) suggested that the area of each color in a composition be inversely proportional to the product of the color's chroma and value. Moon and Spencer (1944) proposed that both chroma and value contribute to spatial balance, but the dominant factor is the contrast of a color with the background or with the adaptation point of the eye. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive power of these two rules for hues of equal chroma, varying in value. The stimuli were presented on three different achromatic backgrounds, and both complementary and adjacent pairs of hues were used. When two colors differed in value, subjects tended to avoid equal areas. With black or white backgrounds subjects seemed to prefer larger areas of the color whose value was nearer that of the background, but with a gray background, their choice was either a narrow band of light or of dark color. These findings fail to support either the Munsell or the Moon and Spencer models.     

Consumer preferences for color combinations: An empirical analysis of similarity-based color relationships

In this paper, we examine aesthetic color combinations in a realistic product self-design task using the NIKEiD online configurator. We develop a similarity-based model of color relationships and empirically model the choice likelihoods of color pairs as a function of the distances between colors in the CIELAB color space. Our empirical analysis reveals three key findings. First, people de-emphasize lightness and focus on hue and saturation. Second, given this shift in emphasis, people generally like to combine colors that are relatively close or exactly match, with the exception that some people highlight one signature product component by using contrastive color. This result is more consistent with the visual coherence perspective than the optimal arousal perspective on aesthetic preference. Third, a small palette principle is supported such that the total number of colors used in the average design was smaller than would be expected under statistical independence.     

Aesthetic preferences for the unity ratio resist the influence of color illusions

The addition of color produces an extension of previous research examining aesthetic preferences for proportional relationships. To date, most favored preferences have been for the unity (1:1) and golden section (1.618:1) ratios. Two experiments examined preferences in and assessed the accuracy of areajudgments for divided figures that varied in saturation contrast and were presumed to present a complementary color illusion. Regardless of colors, saturation contrast, direction of division, or area-to-area ratio, participants were accurate in locating the boundary between the two areas of the divided figure, and preferences for the unity ratio dominated as the most preferred ratio. There was no notable interest in the golden section ratio. Looking at the world through colored glasses seems not to interfere with a preference for symmetry, as produced by the unity ratio.     

Categorical shape and color coding by pigeons

Categorical coding is the tendency to respond similarly to discriminated stimuli. Past research indicates that pigeons can categorize colors according to at least three spectral regions. Two present experiments assessed the categorical coding of shapes and the existence of a higher order color category (all colors). Pigeons were trained on two independent tasks (matching-to-sample, and oddity-from-sample). One task involved red and a plus sign, the other a circle and green. On test trials one of the two comparison stimuli from one task was replaced by one of the stimuli from the other task. Differential performance based on which of the two stimuli from the other task was introduced suggested categorical coding rules. In Experiment 1 evidence for the categorical coding of sample shapes was found. Categorical color coding was also found; however, it was the comparison stimuli rather than the samples that were categorically coded. Experiment 2 replicated the categorical shape sample effect and ruled out the possibility that the particular colors used were responsible for the categorical coding of comparison stimuli. Overall, the results indicate that pigeons can develop categorical rules involving shapes and colors and that the color categories can be hierarchical.     

Is the Lateralized Categorical Perception of Color a Situational Effect of Language on Color Perception?

This study investigated whether and how a person's varied series of lexical categories corresponding to different discriminatory characteristics of the same colors affect his or her perception of colors. In three experiments, Chinese participants were primed to categorize four graduated colors—specifically dark green, light green, light blue, and dark blue—into green and blue; light color and dark color; and dark green, light green, light blue, and dark blue. The participants were then required to complete a visual search task. Reaction times in the visual search task indicated that different lateralized categorical perceptions (CPs) of color corresponded to the various priming situations. These results suggest that all of the lexical categories corresponding to different discriminatory characteristics of the same colors can influence people's perceptions of colors and that color perceptions can be influenced differently by distinct types of lexical categories depending on the context.