卡车驾驶员视觉选择性注意研究

采用注意力测验量表,对２８０名男性卡车驾驶员的视觉选择性注意进行了测量。研究发现：事故组与安全组卡车驾驶员的完成时间、漏划数和平均每秒正确删数有很显著差异,错划数有显著差异;事故多发组与安全组卡车驾驶员的完成时间和平均每秒删数有很显著差异,错划数有显著差异;年龄对卡车驾驶员的视觉选择性注意有显著影响,随着年龄的增加,卡车驾驶员完成视觉选择性注意作业的时间增长,漏划数和错划数增多,平均每秒正确删数减少,而４０－５０岁则是卡车驾驶员视觉选择性注意速度和准确性下降的转折点。     

事故多发驾驶员与安全驾驶员反应时的比较研究

本文对18名事故多发卡车驾驶员和18名安全卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时、选择反应时以及决策时间进行了比较研究.结果表明事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时比安全组卡车驾驶员长,但差异不显著;事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉选择反应时与决策时间都比安全组卡车驾驶员长,且差异显著.本研究结果为我国深入开展驾驶员的选拔、培训与驾驶适应性检测提供理论依据与技术支持.     

卡车驾驶员的夜间视力研究

运用ＹＪＳ—ＩＩ型夜间视觉检查仪对２３８名男性卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间和夜间视力进行了测试。结果表明：卡车驾驶员暗适应时间的９５％上限值为５９．６７秒;卡车驾驶员暗适应时间和夜间视力的年龄阈值为４０岁;事故组与安全组卡车驾驶员暗适应时间存在显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）,事故组卡车驾驶员的暗适应时间较长,表明卡车驾驶员的暗适应能力差是引起夜间交通事故的重要因素。研究结果为驾驶员的选拔,安全教育以及制订预防夜间交通事放对策提供一定的理论依据。     

事故驾驶员与安全驾驶员人格特征的比较研究

本研究采用柳井晴夫等人编制的新性格检查问卷,对６０名公交车驾驶员的人格特征进行了测量．结果表明：（１）事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在五个人格特征上存在显著性差异,其中事故组驾驶员攻击性、神经质倾向较强,而持久性、协调性和同情性较差．（２）男性事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在四个人格特征上存在显著性差异,其中事故组驾驶员攻击性和神经质倾向较强,但持久性和协调性较差。（３）女性事故组驾驶员与安全组驾驶员在两个人格特征上存在显著性差异,前者较后者攻击性强,但缺乏同情性．（４）性别在１２项人格特征上无显著性差异．本研究结果可为设计制定专门应用于交通领域的人格测验,以及对驾驶员的选拔、培训、教育和管理提供一定的理论依据．     

时间结构和速度线索对碰撞时间估计的影响

估计被遮挡的运动物体何时到达某一特定位置称为碰撞时间估计。本研究利用遮挡范式,通过控制时间结构、物理速度及运动过程是否可见设计两个（2物理速度×3时间结构）实验来探究三者对碰撞时间估计的影响。结果：当时间结构一致时,不论物理速度快慢及是否存在视觉速度线索,被试的绩效都没有显著差异;当时间结构不一致时,不论物理速度快慢,存在视觉速度条件下被试的绝对偏差小于无视觉速度条件。结论：时间结构一致时,被试主要使用时间线索进行碰撞时间估计;时间结构不一致时,被试通过整合时间结构和视觉速度线索进行估计。     

遮挡范式下运动速度和方向对碰撞时间估计绩效指标的影响

为探索运动速度和方向对碰撞时间（TTC）估计的影响,采用3运动速度×4运动方向的双因素设计开展了实验研究。结果发现,在相对慢速条件下,受试者TTC估计的准确性显著差于相对中速和相对快速条件;仅在相对慢速条件下受试者对竖直方向的TTC估计准确度显著差于水平方向、低估TTC的比例显著高于高估TTC的比例。结果表明,运动速度对TTC估计绩效指标的影响相对较强,运动方向对其影响相对较弱;两个因素的影响存在交互作用。     

驾驶员情绪状态研究

采用驾驶员情绪状态量表(DPOMS),对265名客车驾驶员的情绪状态进行了问卷调查。结果表明：(1)年龄对驾驶员的疲劳状态有显著影响,对其余各种情绪状态没有显著影响;(2)女驾驶员的紧张精绪显著高于男驾驶员,积极情绪(精力)显著于低于男驾驶员;(3)出租汽车驾驶员的愤怒、疲劳、紧张等消极精绪显著高于公交大客车驾驶员,积极情绪(精力)显著低于公交大客车驾驶员;(4)事故组驾驶员的愤怒、疲劳、紧张、慌乱等消极情绪显著高于安全组驾驶员,积极情绪(精力)显著低于安全组驾驶员。     

个人自立、反馈对长时距估计的影响

为了探索人格与反馈对时间估计的影响,本研究采用非时间任务和预期式时距估计的方法对个人自立高分组与低分组共40名被试进行了研究。结果发现：（1）虽然差异不显著,但是在两次时距估计中个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量均小于低分组;（2）个人自立高分组的时距估计绝对错误量变化幅度显著小于低分组;（3）个人自立高分组在两次时距估计绝对错误量上的相关明显大于低分组;（4）有反馈组的时距估计绝对错误量显著小于无反馈组。据此可以认为：（1）由个人自立导致的时间估计的个体差异表现在时间估计的误差变异度和准确性两个方面。高个人自立者的时间估计误差的变异度更小,同时可能倾向于更准确地进行时距估计。（2）反馈有助于提高时间估计的准确性。（3）“绝对错误量变化幅度”和“时距估计绝对错误量的相关”是两个值得在今后的研究中应用的指标。     

港口门机事故驾驶员与非事故驾驶员身心素质比较

采用ＹＧ人格测验量表、团体智力筛选测验量表、复杂划消测验、双手调节器及深度知觉仪对港口门机事故驾驶员和非事故驾驶员所进行的研究表明：两组门机驾驶员在１２项人格特征以及智力、选择反应能力上未显示出显著性差异;事故组门机驾驶员双手协调及注意分配能力和深度知觉能力明显低于非事故组门机驾驶员;技能水平与事故之间存在显著的正相关．     

汽车驾驶员距离估计能力的初步研究

汽车驾驶员的距离估计能力与安全行车的关系问题,国外曾有过一些研究。但结果并不一致。捷克人米茨策、艾莫德和符列特切尔等都曾对在自己工作中发生过事故和未发生过事故的两组司机加以研究,结果发现他们在距离估计能力上或则没有显著意义的差别(米茨策、艾莫德),或则虽有显著意义的差别,但相差不大(符列特切尔)。国内对这个问题也有不同的看法。有人认为,汽车驾驶员的行车事故主要是由于违章高速行车引起,距离估     

Effects of reduced contrast on the perception and control of speed when driving

Misperception of speed under low-contrast conditions has been identified as a possible contributor to motor vehicle crashes in fog. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of reduced contrast on drivers' perception and control of speed while driving under real-world conditions. Fourteen participants drove around a 2.85 km closed road course under three visual conditions: clear view and with two levels of reduced contrast created by diffusing filters on the windscreen and side windows. Three dependent measures were obtained, without view of the speedometer, on separate laps around the road course: verbal estimates of speed; adjustment of speed to instructed levels (25 to 70 km h(-1)); and estimation of minimum stopping distance. The results showed that drivers traveled more slowly under low-contrast conditions. Reduced contrast had little or no effect on either verbal judgments of speed or estimates of minimum stopping distance. Speed adjustments were significantly slower under low-contrast than clear conditions, indicating that, contrary to studies of object motion, drivers perceived themselves to be traveling faster under conditions of reduced contrast. Under real-world driving conditions, drivers' ability to perceive and control their speed was not adversely affected by large variations in the contrast of their surroundings. These findings suggest that perceptions of self-motion and object motion involve neural processes that are differentially affected by variations in stimulus contrast as encountered in fog.     

Survey of New Zealand truck driver fatigue and fitness for duty

This paper presents recent research into compliance with current driving hours regulations, the effectiveness of using driving hours to predict fatigue, and alternative compliance and enforcement options. The paper describes results of a major survey of truck driver fatigue in New Zealand, a review of international compliance and enforcement procedures, and research focussing on the social forces and influences that affect truck drivers. The survey of truck drivers was based on interviews and performance tests collected from 600 truck drivers at depots, wharves, markets, and other locations throughout the North Island of New Zealand. The interviews included: questions on driver demographic and work/rest patterns, drivers' attitudes towards fatigue, propensity towards daytime sleepiness, and a self-assessment of the driver's momentary level of fatigue. In addition, a simulator-based performance test of driving was undertaken. The performance test included a combination of a standard driving task, a dual-axis sub-critical tracking task (maintaining speed and steering in a controlled but unstable environment, a virtual roadway affected by the appearance of random wind gusts requiring steering correction), and a tertiary or side-task requiring driver monitoring and periodic responses. The initial results from the first 100 drivers have found a sizable number of drivers exceeding the allowable driving hours, high levels of fatigue and sleepiness, and interesting differences between line-haul and local delivery drivers. A related research project into the social processes and relationships that affect truck drivers has resulted in a good understanding of the social conditions that influence cultural change and the actions of truck drivers and fleet managers. In this paper we will have particular regard to these processes in the construction of ideas concerning safety. This includes an understanding of the role of major stakeholders, such as freight forwarders and the enforcement agencies with respect to drivers and their conditions, actions and understanding of the road transport industry. This knowledge coupled with the survey results and an understanding of compliance and enforcement alternatives will be used to explore potential fatigue management options.     

The development, validation, and application of a video-based technique for measuring an everyday risk-taking behavior: drivers' speed choice

Drivers' choice of speed is an important aspect of everyday risk-taking behavior because it has been shown to be one of the most important predictors of road accident involvement. This research developed, validated, and applied a measure of drivers' speed choice that combined a high degree of experimental control with external and ecological validity. In Study 1, a video-simulation measure of drivers' speed choice was developed and found to relate specifically to speed-related accident involvement, implying a degree of external validity. In Study 2, the measure was used to investigate the effect of auditory feedback on drivers' speed choice. It was found that increasing the level of internal car noise decreased drivers' preferred speeds. Further analyses indicated that this was likely due to perceptual effects on speed estimation. Results are discussed in terms of road safety and the ability of video-based measures to facilitate experimental control over tasks involving complex ecological stimuli.     

Relationships between personality facets and accident involvement among truck drivers

Prior research on the personality characteristics of truck drivers and accident involvement has relied primarily on the Big Five personality factors (e.g., Extraversion), and has largely focused on self-reported number of accidents rather than more objective, independent records. We examined the association between personality characteristics and accidents among professional truck drivers at the facet level of personality using company records of accidents over time. Analyses suggested that more empathetic individuals had lower rates of accident involvement, whereas more anxious, guilt-prone, exhibitionistic, and risk-taking individuals had higher rates. We discuss implications for decreasing rates of accidents, the selection of drivers, and use in other industries where physical safety is a concern.     

Driver injury severity study for truck involved accidents at highway-rail grade crossings in the United States

Although trucks only account for approximately 4% of all the vehicles based on the Federal Railway Administration (FRA) database, about 25% involved truck accidents happen at highway-rail grade crossings. This study applied an ordered probit model to explore the determinants of injury severity of truck drivers at highway-rail grade crossing in the United States. Given the importance of trucking to the economics of a country and the safety concerns posed by the trucks (as a result of their large size and weight making them difficult to control, maneuver, and stop), a comprehensive research on truck accidents is critical. Based on data analysis results, the strong effects of driver-, environmental-, weather- characteristics on the injury severities in truck accidents happened at highway-rail grade crossings are found. The findings reveal that better speed control for trucks will significantly reduce driver injury severity in accidents occurring at highway-rail grade crossings. In addition, several truck driver behavior characteristics (such as driving under influence of fatigue during peak hour) were found to be statistically significant predictors of high-level injury severity. Thus, education and enforcement targeted to truck drivers could facilitate safety improvements. Moreover, environmental factor (such as area type and roadway pavement) is found to be statistically significant. Truck drivers are more likely to have severe injury in open space area with low traffic volume compared with other areas. The bad weather and visibility condition is found to increase the probability of truck drivers’ high level injury severity.     

A comparison of self-nominated and actual speeds in work zones

Despite significant research on drivers’ speeding behavior in work zones, little is known about how well drivers’ judgments of appropriate speeds match their actual speeds and what factors influence their judgments. This study aims to fill these two important gaps in the literature by comparing observed speeds in two work zones with drivers’ self-nominated speeds for the same work zones. In an online survey, drivers nominated speeds for the two work zones based on photographs in which the actual posted speed limits were not revealed. A simultaneous equation modeling approach was employed to examine the effects of driver characteristics on their self-nominated speeds. The results showed that survey participants nominated lower speeds (corresponding to higher compliance rates) than those which were observed. Higher speeds were nominated by males than females, young and middle aged drivers than older drivers, and drivers with truck driving experience than those who drive only cars. Larger differences between nominated and observed speeds were found among car drivers than truck drivers. These differences suggest that self-nominated speeds might not be valid indicators of the observed work zone speeds and therefore should not be used as an alternative to observed speed data.