环境光照对情绪的影响及其作用机制

环境光照作为重要的授时因子, 对多种生理和心理功能存在广泛影响, 其对情绪的非视觉作用尤其引起研究者们的关注。研究发现, 环境光照的照度、色温和波长均是影响情绪的重要物理因素; 短光周期、夜间人工光以及持续光照/黑暗等异常光照模式则会导致情绪障碍; 光照的情绪效应还受到光照时长、时间点、个体特征、主观偏好及基因类型等的调节。光照作用于情绪的路径主要包括两个方面, 一方面视网膜中的内在光敏感神经节细胞将光信号投射至情绪调节相关脑区直接影响情绪; 另一方面光信号通过同步内部生理节律及其调节下的激素分泌、神经传递和睡眠间接影响情绪。未来研究考察短时光照的视觉功效时需要采用更客观多样化的情绪测量技术, 综合非视觉与视觉作用路径深入对比健康与情绪障碍群体的差异性。     

Should drivers be informed about the equipment of drivers with green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA)?

Previous research demonstrated that green light optimal speed advisory (GLOSA) affects driving behavior at signalized intersections: On the one hand, drivers assisted with GLOSA show more energy-efficient and eco-friendly driving. Following unequipped vehicles’ drivers (UVDs) also adapt their driving behavior to the assisted one. On the other hand, safety issues can be found in encounters with UVDs who also perceive assisted driving behavior negatively. Therefore, in a multi-driver simulator study (N = 60 participants sorted in groups of n = 2 UVDs), we tested whether informing UVDs about the GLOSA of an assisted driver results in more behavioral adaptation of UVDs to the assisted driving behavior, less safety issues, and less frustration of UVDs. Two UVDs followed a lead vehicle driven by a confederate. The confederate was equipped with GLOSA and knew when traffic lights switched from green to red and, consequently, slowed down when approaching a green traffic light. The degree of information UVDs received was manipulated: The group “no information” did not receive any information. The group “information” knew about the equipment of the assisted confederate with GLOSA and the group “detailed information” received additional information about its functionality and benefit. Results show that UVDs of the group “detailed information” adapted their driving behavior to the assisted driver. However, these UVDs also showed smaller minimum time-to-collision (TTC) values indicating safety issues. Results are discussed and implications made with regard to providing information to UVDs and to further investigate these challenges in the context of autonomous vehicles.     

New insights on eye blindness and hand sight: Temporal constraints of visuo-motor networks

Pioneer experiments on saccadic suppression have shown that this effect is not followed by motor disorientation: Conscious perception of a target displacement can be dissociated from correct manual target reaching. It has subsequently been demonstrated that movement corrections with the same latency and spatial characteristics can be produced in conditions allowing perceptual awareness of perturbation of a target as in condition inducing saccadic suppression. In addition to the qualitative dissociation between motor performance and conscious awareness, quantitative temporal dissociations in action can be observed by manipulating different features of the visual target. When the target of an ongoing simple action is perturbed, a temporal advantage is found for responses to perturbations of location relative to colour and shape. Furthermore, there seems to be a temporal advantage for automatic motor corrections made in response to a target displacement as compared to other responses (other ongoing movement adjustments, movement interruption, conditional motor response such as pressing a key, verbal response, delayed matching-to-sample tasks). Thus, this paper reviews evidence for the fact that the temporal characteristics of any given response to a stimulus are dependent both on the sensory processes and on the type of response generated. Accordingly, identification responses (such as verbal report) to a visual stimulus are much slower than motor corrections of an ongoing movement in response to a target location change because of different processing times of the stimulus features (“What” compared to “Where”) and of the response itself (“What” compared to “How”). The existence of two continua (What/Where and What/How) is proposed between these two extreme stimulus- response combinations. This model may be a useful framework to better understand visuo-motor transformations and the network of connections between visual and motor areas.     

The “Ages” of Ogden Nash

This essay looks at the way Ogden Nash, America's Genius of Light Verse, saw his life and times in the 30's, 40's, and 50's. It focuses on a group of poems in which the author mentions his age at the time of writing and explores their insights. They move from young adulthood to retirement and thus become Nash's equivalent of Shakespeare's Ages of Humanity. The author notes how his study of Nash has provided insights in living and illustrates this through poems of his own. In following this particular journey through the stages of life, we might well discover ways of mining the gold in our own experience.     

Crossing at a red light: Behaviour of individuals and groups

The present study examines the road behaviour of individual pedestrians at an intersection with a traffic signal compared to groups of pedestrians at the same intersection.In total, 1392 pedestrians were unobtrusively observed in an urban setting at a pedestrian street crossing of undivided streets; 842 were female (60.5%) and 550 were male (39.5%). The observations took place between 7:30 and 8:30 in the morning. Chi-square test revealed the males crossed on red more frequently than females. Logistic regression predicting red-light crossing for pedestrians arriving during a red-light phase indicated that, apart from gender, the tendency to cross on red was greater when there were fewer people waiting at the curb, either when a pedestrian arrived, or joining after arrival. The discussion refers to the theoretical explanations concerning the theory of ‘social control’ and to some practical implications of the results, such as using the positive value of social control in media campaigns and adjusting the red light duration in order to encourage people to obey the traffic light.     

强脉冲光子脱毛并发症的防治

为了探讨强脉冲光的脱毛疗效与并发症之间的关系,应用SpaTouchTM 强脉冲光脱毛仪去除体表多余毛发,一般需要3次～5次治疗,每次治疗间隔1个月～2个月,记录每例疗效及并发症发生的情况。结果显示,332例中434个部位接受治疗,患者均能耐受,无需麻醉,治疗后可正常工作及生活。有26个部位出现并发症,总发生率5.99%。10例治疗后出现红斑,15例出现水疱,1例出现色素沉着。末次治疗6个月后随访,422个部位治疗后毛发基本完全脱落,部分患者有少数细软毳毛再生,总有效率为97.24%。因此,强脉冲光脱毛效果可靠、操作简单、快捷、并发症少,是一种理想的脱毛方法。并发症发生原因主要是治疗时光斑能量过大,治疗前应进行测试,选择个体化光斑能量以减少并发症的发生。     

INAUGURATING POSTCRITICAL PHILOSOPHY: A POLANYIAN MEDITATION ON CREATION AND CONVERSION IN AUGUSTINE'S CONFESSIONS

Abstract. Michael Polanyi names Augustine as inaugurates of his "postcritical"philosophy. To understand what this means by exploring creation in the Confessions will clarify complex problems in Augustine and articulate theological implications in Polanyi. Specifically, it will show why an autobiographical account of conversion ends speaking of creation; how creation can thus be understood as "personal" language; how creation can be recovered in a time preoccupied with conversion; how conversion and creation are linked with incarnation, hermeneutics, and confessional rhetoric; and it will suggest a contemporary use of creation language that connects the scientific and the religious.     

Aging-related cocontraction effects during ankle strategy balance recovery following tether release in women

Increased antagonistic muscle activation during balance recovery has been documented during proprioceptive reliant responses in older adults. The authors examined ankle muscle cocontraction levels in young and older adults during balance recovery from a tether-release-induced, vestibular-input-reliant perturbation. Nine healthy young adult and 9 older women without history of falls performed maximum isometric plantar flexion and dorsiflexion trials followed by balance recovery trials using the ankle strategy. Surface electromyography data normalized to isometric conditions were analyzed during the 100 ms prior to release, the 50 ms immediately after release, and the 100-ms epochs from 100-400 ms following release. No differences existed in gastrocnemius and soleus activity levels (p > .05), though antagonistic tibialis anterior activity was greater in the older adults during the 300-400 ms epoch (young: 23.5 ± 5.8%, older: 38.7 ± 9.4%; p = .001). Vestibular-dominated perturbations may increase antagonistic activity during the recovery phase in older adults, inhibiting efficient balance recovery during proprioceptive and vestibular reliant perturbations.     

人类颜色视觉的计算理论

该文有机地结合了计算视觉理论和生态学视觉理论,指出颜色信息处理的根本任务是检测环境中的光不变量。在此基础上,作者提出了颜色视觉的计算理论以及计算理论本身的生物学标准。初级视觉计算是典型的不适定问题,动物的视觉系统则利用视环境中存在的条件将该不适定问题转化为定解问题。本文引入颜色视觉计算的免要条件,客观性约束,以及颜色认知的神经表象,证明了上述约束下颜色算法的存在性。本文给出了构造颜色知觉的基本假设。同时,该文还讨论了与上述问题密切相关的几个基本问题:神经表象的完备性,主观色觉的客观性,明度知觉和颜色知觉的统一,人类主观色觉的实现方式。     

在自然光照射下工作面照度与照度分布对学前儿童操作技能影响的研究

通过在自然光照射下,测定不同年龄的学前儿童在不同的工作面照度与不同的工作面照度分布情况下,在规定时间内从红色、黄色、绿色３种球状ＰＶＣ塑料颗粒的混合物中分拣出绿色颗粒的多少,来探讨电磁波谱中的可见光部分对学前儿童操作技能的影响。为创造适宜学前儿童进行操作训练的健康环境提供依据。     

Aggressive driving: the contribution of the drivers and the situation

Aggressive driving is defined in terms of the frustration–aggression model. In that context aggressive driving is a syndrome of frustration-driven behaviors, enabled by the driver's environment. These behaviors can either take the form of instrumental aggression—that allows the frustrated driver to move ahead at the cost of infringing on other road users’ rights (e.g., by weaving and running red lights)—or hostile aggression which is directed at the object of frustration (e.g., cursing other drivers). While these behaviors may be reflective of individual differences in aggression, it is argued that the exclusive focus on the characteristics of the aggressive drivers and how to control them is short-sighted. Instead, this paper proposes a multi-factor approach to the problem. Five studies conducted so far tend to support this approach, by showing that specific aggressive behaviors—such as honking and running red lights—are associated with cultural norms, actual and perceived delays in travel, and congestion. Ergonomics-oriented approaches that involve environmental modifications are proposed.     

Absolute asymmetric electrochemical polymerization

Electrochemical polymerization of thiophene-based achiral monomer having azobenzene as a chromophore irradiated by circular polarized light (CPL) was carried out to obtain chiroptically active polymer film on indium-tin oxide-coated glass. Circular dichroism and optical absorption spectroscopy measurements indicate the samples show chiroptical activity. This result indicates occurrence of absolute asymmetric polymerization by laser CPL.     

The dynamics of successive induction in larval zebrafish

Charles Sherrington identified the properties of the synapse by purely behavioral means—the study of reflexes—more than 100 years ago. They were subsequently confirmed neurophysiologically. Studying reflex interaction, he also showed that activating one reflex often facilitates another, antagonistic one: successive induction, which has since been demonstrated in a wide range of species, from aphids to locusts to dogs and humans. We show a particularly orderly example in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae; the behavior (locomotion) of larvae is low in dark and intermediate in light, but low in light and substantially higher in dark when dark followed light. A quantitative model of a simple dynamic process is described that readily captures the behavior pattern and the effects of a number of manipulations of lighting conditions.     

明视条件下人眼对低频间断光的亮度感觉

本实验是以异色亮度匹配方法,探索视觉系统对在明视觉水平上的低频、不同时间调制的单色光和白光的亮度感觉特性。结果发现,闪光刺激在临界频率以上作用于视觉系统所产生的亮度感觉是遵循塔耳玻特-普拉托定律。而对在临界频率以下亮暗比为4/1的间断单色光刺激所需的周期平均亮度低于恒定单色光所需的亮度幅度,这表明塔耳玻特(Talbort)定律不适用于低频、高亮暗比的间断单色光。仅适用于间断单色光刺激的亮暗比低于1,波长为650纳米的间断单色光。     

环境光照的认知功效及其调节因素与作用机理

自人类视网膜上发现存在新型的内在光敏感神经节细胞以来, 环境光照对个体生理心理功能的非视觉作用备受研究者青睐, 其中环境光照对认知功能的非视觉作用结果并不十分一致且内在机理尚不明确。环境光照的认知功效会受到光学参数、光照模式、时间因素、个体差异以及任务特征等的共同调节。未来的研究需要从环境光对心理认知功能的作用模式, 动态办公照明系统的开发, 面向特殊群体的个性化照明以及光照非视觉作用产生的分子生物学机制等视角进行扩展和深化。     

Effect of the light intensity upon the agonistic behaviour of juvenile of white‐seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati de la Paz,Bauchot and Daget, 1974)

Ambient light levels were manipulated to vary potential predation risk, and aggressive behaviour was examined. Juveniles of white‐seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati) interacted aggressively more frequently at intermediate light intensity (500 lux), being agonistic interactions at higher (3000 lux) or lower (5 lux) illumination less frequent. Aggr. Behav. 30:313–318, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

胚胎期糖皮质激素系统在光照改善小鸡记忆中的作用

该研究采用胚胎期药物注射法和小鸡一次性被动回避反应行为模型,观察了皮质酮和地塞米松对暗孵化小鸡记忆的影响,以及两类皮质激素受体颉颃剂RU-486和Spironolactone对光照以及皮质酮效应的阻断作用。结果表明,糖皮质激素可明显改善暗孵化小鸡的记忆;两类受体颉颃剂均阻断了光照和皮质酮对暗孵化小鸡记忆的改善作用,但糖皮质激素受体对小鸡记忆的作用是特异性的,盐皮质激素主要通过对小鸡的基本状态的改变来影响记忆活动。因此,糖皮质激素及其受体系统参与了光照对小鸡记忆的作用过程。     

Body language reading of emotion in schizophrenia: Associations with symptoms and functional outcome

Our aim was to explore how body language reading of emotion relates to neurocognition, symptoms and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Fifty‐four individuals with schizophrenia and eighty‐four healthy controls participated in the study. Emotion perception was assessed with a point‐light display (PLD) task, the Emotion in Biological Motion (EmoBio) test, neurocognition was measured with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and functioning was indexed by one measure of functional capacity and by one self‐report questionnaire. Clinical symptoms were assessed with a five factor Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) symptoms model. Participants with schizophrenia had impaired body language reading of emotions compared to healthy controls (Cohen's d = 0.69). In participants with schizophrenia, emotion perception was associated with neurocognition (r = 0.42), functional capacity (r = 0.27) and disorganization symptoms (r = –0.27). Mediation analyses showed that disorganization symptoms mediated the effects of emotion perception and neurocognition, respectively, on social functional capacity. These results suggest that in individuals with schizophrenia, reduced emotion perception from body movements has negative consequences for functional outcome, but that the effect is mediated through disorganization symptoms.     

Safety equipment use and crash involvement among cyclists – Behavioral adaptation,precaution or learning?

The present study has investigated relationships between cyclists’ safety equipment use, crash involvement, and other safety relevant behavior. The main focus is on relationships that indicate either behavioral adaptation (safety equipment use leads to riskier behavior) or precautionary behavior (safety equipment is used for cycling in risky situations). Three consecutive surveys were conducted in 2015, 2016, and 2017 years among 650 Norwegian cyclists. Most items were dichotomized and analyzed with logistic regression models. In contrast to the behavioral adaptation hypothesis, regular use of safety equipment (bicycle lights, high-visibility clothing, and helmets) was found to be negatively related to some types of high-risk behavior (listening to music and taking chances while cycling). Regular use of bicycle lights and high-visibility clothing is also negatively related to collision involvement. Safety equipment use was found to be positively related to regular winter cycling and cycling in mixed traffic (not on sidewalks), and it is most likely used as a precautionary measure in such situations. Some cyclists learn from crash involvement by starting to use safety equipment after a crash, but the results do not indicate that crash involvement deters from cycling. The main conclusion from the study is that recommending, promoting or even mandating safety equipment for cyclists can be expected to improve safety and that behavioral adaptation is not likely to occur, at least not to an extent that will outweigh the positive safety effects. The results do not support reservations against the use of “sporty” (well-equipped) models in campaigns for promoting cycling.