Psychologie communautaire et psychologie de la santé : l’implication de la recherche psychosociale dans la promotion de la santé

This paper presents the issues and main principles of community psychology and community research as well as associated relationships and viewpoints in terms of health psychology and social psychology. In this perspective, the paper presents the context in which community psychology has emerged and its fundamental principles such as empowerment, community involvement and the ecological model. Using two examples of research in prevention of HIV infection, the paper leads to a greater comprehension of how a particular community-based approach to involve affected populations may be particularly relevant, not only to better understand their beliefs and behaviors but also to try to encourage them to change current behaviors or generate new ones. Research with adolescents involved in promoting condom use illustrates the use of psychosocial models of behavior change through a community approach. A second research focus on medical and psychosocial innovation through the use of non-routine, rapid screening tests for HIV - which are neither carried out nor supervised by medical personnel - aims to highlight the impact of the development of preventive action by directly concerned communities. The article aims to present the innovative methodological and epistemological issues which underpin community research.     

La evolución de la intencionalidad de la conciencia: de la conciencia intencional descarnada de Brentano a la Intencionalidad operante de Merleau-Ponty

Resumen

Este estudio pretende penetrar en uno de los conceptos más relevantes de la historia del pensamiento filosófico y psicológico: la cuestión de la conciencia (y su carácter intencional) así como las aporías y problemáticas que acarrea.

Para Brentano, si la psicología pretende tener el estatuto de cientificidad, debe circunscribirse temáticamente a un único ámbito: la conciencia. Asimismo, su característica primordial radica en que siempre será conciencia de algo (será intencional). No obstante, la validez de esa intencionalidad se problematizará por los seguidores del planteamiento bren-taniano. Entre ellos, Husserl matizará ciertos aspectos de la naturaleza intencional de la conciencia, así como radicalizará ciertas cuestiones de Brentano.

Ulteriormente, se observará como la conciencia intelectualista brentaniano-husserliana empezará a enraizarse en el mundo, gracias a la ontología del ser-en-el-mundo de Heidegger, y perderá el carácter epistemológico preponderante, para adueñarse de una vertiente práctica. A su vez, esta relevancia de la praxis se radicalizará en Merleau-Ponty, con su propuesta de la intencionalidad operante haciendo referencia al vínculo antepredicativo, corporal, que el sujeto mantiene con el mundo.     

Evaluación de la escala de control de la acción

Resumen

El objetivo ele la investigación fue determinar las propiedades psicométricas básicas de la Escala de Control de la Acción de Kuhl en una muesta de estudiantes mexicanos. La escala fue traducida y sometida a varias revisiones por los autores, después de lo cual se aplicó a una muestra de 180 estudiantes universitarios. La confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach de las diferentes subescalas fue baja. Un análisis de componentes principales con rotación ortogonal mostró que el porcentaje de varianza explicada por el primer factor de cada subescala fue muy pequeño. Se intenta explicar los resultados con base en la deficiente caracterización que hace Kubl de las diferentes clases de orientación hacia el estado y factores de tipo cultural.     

Les pratiques professionnelles au cœur de la crise dans la gestion de l’urgent : l’exemple de la crise du COVID-19

Our organisations have been severely shaken by the COVID-19 pandemic and the world of work has not been spared. Only essential activities continued in order to maintain a minimum level of functioning, just like in hospitals or in local authorities. During the first five months of the crisis in 2020 (from March to July), 34 interviews were conducted in these two public service entities in order to examine the management of urgent matters in the light of “activity” and at the heart of the crisis. The results show that while the emergency is mainly managed by an improvisation activity based on the intuition of the actors in the field, the crisis is managed by governance in a rational manner leading to the drafting of procedures after the event. This crisis situation pushed organisations to reconfigure themselves in an emergency, allowing the development of new professional practices. The strategies of damage control and proceduralization will be discussed. Perspectives are opened on the questions of training for these crisis situations against a background of developing presumption of ignorance.     

Les effets de la motivation sur la performance sportive au regard de la théorie de l’autodétermination : vers une approche intra-individuelle

The main purpose of the present article is to review studies in the self-determination framework (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2008) examining the effects of athletes’ motivation on sport performance. This work consists of three different sections. First, we detail the main postulates of self-determination theory. Second, we present results of recent studies examining the influence of motivation on performance by shedding light on research with a person-centered approach at different levels of generality (Vallerand, 1997). Finally, future research directions and practical implications are proposed to enhance athletes’ sport performance. We suggest that athletes’ autonomous motivation should be increased to attain success in sport.     

Confort au travail : Le rôle de l'attachement et de la personnalisation dans la perception de la qualité de l'espace de travail

This article investigates the links between personalization, workplace attachment and perceived workplace quality. Participants (N = 116) work in the same office building. This investigation focus also about the office ability to improve intimacy and appropriation by owners (open space, individual office, shared office). As we were expecting, we observe an effective link between personalization and workplace attachment, and perceived workplace quality. The overall results lead to the conclusion of a solid link between attachment and perceived workplace quality. We will discuss our conclusions furthermore and we will offer recommendations.     

Los efectos de la clarificación de la regla y de los factores atencionales sobre la tarea de selección de Wason

Resumen

Se han propuesto muchas explicaciones para dar cuenta de la dificultad que entraña la tarea de selección de Wason, especialmente en su versión abstracta (si “A” entonces “7”). Los sujetos tienen dificultades para acceder a las representación es alternativas necesarias para resolver la tarea. Nuestro objetivo es facilitar el acceso a las representaciones implícitas. Con este fin manipulamos (1) el efecto de la clarificación de la regla (si “A” entonces “7” no supone si “7” entonces “A”) con el objetivo bloquear la interpretación bicondicional y (2) el efecto de forzar a los participantes a pensar sobre la relevancia de la tarjeta “no q” o sobre la irrelevancia de la tarjeta “q”. El experimento 1 se diseñó para analizar el efecto de los factores atencionales (factor 2). Quienes recibieron la ayuda 2 aumentaron su porcentaje de selecciones de “no q” cuando eran centrados en esta tarjeta, y disminuyeron el porcentaje de elección de la tarjeta “q” cuando eran focalizados en esta tarjeta; aunque no aumentó el porcentaje de selección de las tarjetas “p” y “no q”. Sin embargo en el experimento 2, los participantes que recibieron ambas ayudas (1 y 2, en este caso focalización en “no q”) aumentaron el porcentaje de selecciones “p” y “no q” hasta llegar al 64.81%. La mejora no se produjo con la ayuda 1, esto es, el bloqueo del bicondicional.     

Effet de la thérapie des schémas sur la dépression de la personne âgée institutionnalisée : 3 études de cas uniques de type AB en lignes de bases multiples

IntroductionSchema therapy has confirmed its effectiveness in caring for depression. However, few studies have evaluated its effectiveness of an institutionalized elderly population.ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the efficiency of this therapy for the treatment of depression in 3 elderly people, with no neurocognitive disease, living in a nursing home.MethodClinician conducted a single case experimental protocol AB with multiple baseline for 3 participants who were experiencing depressive symptoms. Participants were randomized in 3 baselines and performed respectively 8, 7, and 6 intervention sessions.ResultsThe results highlight progressive effectiveness for two of the three residents. From baseline to the end of the therapeutic sessions (11 weeks), the improvement was significant and clinically observable for the activation of the schemas (–1.4 and –2 points on average) as well as for the level of depression (–8 and –9 points to the GDS).ConclusionThis pilot study indicates the effectiveness and replicability of schema therapy as therapeutic intervention for depression in elderly people.     

Représentations sociales de la personne obèse et de l’obésité : effets de la situation de contact

This paper introduces a study about social representations of obese people and obesity. Two hundred normal-weighted women divided in two groups (presence vs absence of contact with an obese person) completed a word association tasks with inductive words “obese people” and “obesity”. Two instructions were proposed: one in which they responded for themselves (standard instruction) and another in which they responded for someone else (substitution instruction). Results of the Correspondences Factor Analysis support the hypothesis of an intergroup contact effect on the explored social representations’ organization. Participants in contact with obese people seem to have a more empathetic representation than those who have no contact. Indeed, when participants did not respond for themselves, counter-normative representations were produced: stereotypical elements and a judgment on the physical characteristics were expressed. These results were discussed regarding theories of intergroup contact and of social representations.     

El contexto de descubrimiento y la psicología de la ciencia

Resumen

Desde que el neopositivista Reichenbach planteó la división, en el análisis de la ciencia, entre contexto de descubrimiento y contexto de justificación se empieza a considerar el primero como una tarea que incumbe a los psicólogos. Aquí se revisan las explicaciones de la psicología actual sobre el descubrimiento científico que se incluyen dentro de ese nuevo enfoque científico propugnado por los postpopperianos, donde convergen el análisis histórico, sociológico y psicológico. Se reseñan las aportaciones más relevantes para la explicación de la creatividad científica: el estudio cognitivo de casos de Gruber, el análisis temático de Holton, la concepción del genio científico de Simonton así como las obras «programáticas» definidoras de los contenidos y métodos de esta «ciencia de la ciencia» como las de Tweney et alt., Miller o Giere.     

La perception multisource : une nouvelle approche de la perception de scènes

Research conducted these last years in the field of spatial cognition report empirical findings that are difficult to account for with the traditional visual cognitive model of scene perception. One of the major contributions of these findings has been to invite rethinking scene perception, which would benefit from not being apprehended as centered mainly on the sensory modality considered. On the contrary, the Multisource model of scene perception developed by Intraub et al. offers an alternative theoretical framework considering visual perception as an act of spatial cognition, with spatial information at its core. According to this model, during the initial understanding of a view, the cognitive system would be elaborating a multisource representation, with spatial information constituting an egocentric framework that conveys to the observer a sense of the environment in which he/she is embedded. Scene representation would be organized around an amodal spatial structure combining different sources of information: a bottom-up and external source of information derived from different modalities (e.g., visual, haptic), as well as internal sources of high-level information (i.e., amodal, conceptual and contextual information). These different sources of information would work together to create a simulation of the likely environment, integrating the perceived view into a broader spatial context. Beyond rethinking scene perception, one of the advances of the model is to unify different fields of cognition apprehended until then in isolation. The current paper aims to present this model and some of the results it allows to account for.     

De la prévention à la promotion de la santé : intérêt de l’approche communautaire

Psychological research and practice shows increasing interest for prevention and health promotion in France. Current-scientific literature recommends the implementation of targeted actions, directed towards populations expressing specific needs. The community-based approach offers a framework corresponding to the flexibility, which is necessary to the effectiveness of this type of intervention. It includes the mobilization and the participation of the citizens in the development of each unique project, in the renewal of the project according to the needs, in finding possible solutions, and in assessing the actions carried out. This article aims at presenting the importance of a community-based approach in the field of health promotion; a field which would benefit from being better known in France in order to develop intervention programs adapted to each population.     

Peligros de la modificación de conducta en el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa

RESUMEN

En los últimos años se ha señalado, de forma excesiva, la eficacia de la modificación de conducta en el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa. Se ha supuesto, de forma errónea, que la imposición de una mejoría de la emaciación, el síntoma más llamativo, es un tratamiento adecuado para este trastorno tan grave y complejo. Los resultados que se han publicado adolecen de falta de seguimiento. En estos pacientes, este método de tratamientos les llevó a un empeoramiento de su estado. A pesar de conseguir un aumento de peso pasajero, la modificación de conducta debe considerarse como potencialmente dañina en la anorexia nerviosa. En este artículo se aporta información sobre los efectos perjudiciales de los pacientes tratados con este método. Sus historias ilustran que los métodos de modificación de conducta no son sólo peligrosos en potencia, sino en la realidad.     

L’abord de la sexualité par les professionnel·le·s de santé en oncologie : une revue de la littérature

The improvement in medical techniques has drastically modified the practice of care in oncology. Supportive care, geared towards supporting patients with chronic illnesses, now occupies a greater place alongside treatments aimed at survival. These changes have conducted some health care professionals to be more interested in patients’ quality of life and, in particular, to the impact of cancer on sexuality. Repercussions on sexuality are actually one of the most problematic aspects of patients’ quality of life post cancer. The aim of this paper is to draw up a review of the English and French literature on this “new” concern which still seems to raise many challenges in practice. Our review emphasizes that despite the recognition of the importance of addressing sexuality issues post cancer in oncology, in their practices, physicians as the nurses alike find it difficult to address. In addition, it underlines that the dominant social representations of sexuality – in terms of gender, sexual orientation and age – have permeated health care professionals’ subjectivities and, at the same time, influence how sexuality is address and interfere with a systematic discussion of these issues throughout the care process. Our discussion tackles the lack of psychologists, both in research and clinic, regarding these issues. Finally, our conclusion highlights the contributions of psychology facing issue posed by sexuality in oncology.     

Évolution du contrôle religieux la première année suivant l’annonce d’un cancer du sein : quels liens avec les stratégies de coping,l’anxiété, la dépression et la qualité de vie ?

The aim of this study was to examine the evolution of perception of religious control during the first year after breast cancer diagnosis and to establish how this evolution could have an effect on coping strategies, psychological distress and quality of life. One hundred and seventeen patients completed four self-reports questionnaires at surgery time and 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 months after the first assessment. Findings showed that religious control declined during the first 4 months treatment, although it is stable after. Furthermore, maintenance of religious control was associated with lower helplessness-hopelessness, denial, anxious preoccupations and avoidance and with better emotional and physical quality of life at all times of the study. We found no association with anxiety or depression.