论南顿北渐

中国佛教的顿渐指修行者见悟道理的迟疾。所谓南领北渐,指顿悟与渐悟,是慧能与神秀分别在南北两地弘传的禅法。本文追溯中国佛教晋宋之际的顿渐分野,依次论述重渐修渐悟之神秀系统,主顿悟渐修的慧能、神会系统,倡无修顿悟的洪州、石头二宗和五家,并从顿渐学说的理论根据、运思理路、禅修方式和终极境界上概括了南顿北渐的特点。     

禅悟:一种心理现象

禅宗,是中国佛教中最为显赫的宗派之一,也是中国文化重要的表征之一。禅悟,则是佛禅修习的重要内容。它是禅的关键,也是禅的目的。禅悟有渐悟和顿悟之分。中国佛教史上一直有“南顿北渐”的争论。北宗神秀主张渐悟,认为只有经过长期次第修     

佛教的解悟、证悟及悟修之顿渐

<正> 一、禅宗之悟与修关于开悟,禅宗有解悟、证悟之分。《禅源诸诠集都序》卷三说,由顿悟而渐修者,是就解悟而言;渐修顿悟、渐修渐悟、顿修渐悟,皆就证悟而言。"若因悟而修,即是解悟;若因修而悟,即是证悟"。是则宗密所言证悟,是指见道证果时的悟,即惠能所谓"证果渐中顿";解悟则指证果前的悟,即《楞严经》所谓"理则顿悟",惠能所谓"悟法渐中顿",只是悟心性之理,安心,得正见,非实证。以此为准则衡量,则达摩二入之"理入"(由修壁观安心)及《坛经》"一念悟时,众生是佛"、"一悟即至佛地"等语,皆讲解悟,"若开悟顿教,不执外修,但于自心常起正见,烦恼尘劳常不能染,即是见性",当指见道证果时的证悟。憨山《示参禅切要》对解悟、证悟的解释则有所不同: 若依佛祖言教明心者,解悟也,多落知见,于一     

神会与宗密

神会与宗密是近年来学界关注的热点，但以往多认为他们的思想没有差别，因此时 常不加考察地将一方文字用来说明另一方文字。本文认为二人思想固然有相通之处，但差别更 大。文章从二人对“知”的理解、“顿悟渐修”以及“如来藏与般若”关系的角度论证了二人之间的不 同，并尝试说明了导致这种不同的原因。     

初探《宗镜录》中的真心修行观及其意义

佛教根本的修行观主要是围绕着一心展开,了达一心,也就是觉悟了"本性清净、自性清净心",也就是成佛,所以真心就是"自性清净心"。由于描述本心的文字有所不同,所以应当按照佛陀所说的理论来阐释真心的修行观,而真心的异名都由"真心"统一起来。《宗镜录》中的真心修行观强调在"以心为真心、清净心"的基础上进行阐述,而真心修证观则强调从"顿悟渐修"到"顿渐圆修"的自修方法,借用"知之一字,众妙之门"中的"知"从自悟的原则来进行描述,可以看到,延寿的修行观也与解脱观紧密联系。     

融摄与会通——与佛教交涉中生成的阳明心学

王阳明在与佛教的交涉中充分吸收、融摄佛理，会通儒释，建构起新的心学体系。阳明的心本论与佛学的心本论思维、心如虚空、含容万物、无相无住、心性本觉、“寂知”等思想具有高度的契合性。王阳明对禅定较为熟谙，曾亲历从澄心静虑到明心见性的过程，龙场悟道与这种体验紧密相关。阳明提出良知毋需外求，应以良知而非圣人经典为是非的标准，这种思想与佛教反对外在权威的思想具有一致性。阳明转化佛教顿悟渐修的哲理，强调悟后仍当起修，同时还认为致良知工夫无有穷已。阳明还吸纳佛门的无相无住思想，构建了良知境界。     

禅宗与现代中国哲学的直觉论——以儒道禅三学的汇通为视角

“直觉”是中国现代哲学家普遍关注的问题，迄今已演化为一个观念的谱系。最初将其显题化的是梁漱溟先生，他从柏格森哲学中汲取“直觉”,并与孔学尤其是王门后学和唯识学相结合，通过批判工具理性弘扬东方价值，其叙事策略下伏着禅宗“顿悟”的“底子”。熊十力先生同样批评实证主义的分析方法不能“证体”,视柏格森的“直觉”为“习气”并扬弃之。他认为哲学家在“慎思明辩”之后尚需“脱然超悟”,不过强调“悟”既有“顿”又有“渐”,并代之以更儒学化的概念“默识”与“体认”,以与其“性修不二”说相配合，同时以“良知是呈现”为牟宗三的“智的直觉”说开辟了路向。受过新实在论洗礼的冯友兰先生，则将“分析后的直觉”作为形上学的方法，且名之为“负的方法”,主要借助禅宗的“顿悟”,以解决所谓“第一义不可说”问题，导引人进入“天地境界”。冯契以为解决“第一义不可说”的问题，必须要解决“说不得的东西如何‘得’”的问题。他认为禅宗的“顿悟”说不但对宗门有解放的意义，而且在认识过程中具有普遍性，但是不赞成将“顿悟”或“直觉”视为孤立的意识活动并将其神秘化。他借“转识成智”来论述如何从知识到智慧。“转识成智”由三个互相连锁的环节构成：辩...     

隋唐以前佛教哲学内部的顿渐之辨

与其它宗教一样,佛教也有自己的实践哲学。渐悟与顿悟是关于成佛途径的理论,是佛教实践哲学的一个中心问题。渐悟也叫渐断、渐了,是指要经过长期修习才能达到对佛教真理的觉悟。顿悟又称顿了,与渐悟相对,指无须繁琐仪式和长期修习,一旦把握佛教真理即顿然大悟。东晋之世,由于僧人对佛教十住三乘理论的研讨,而有顿、渐之辨的发生。南齐刘虬《无量义经序》论顿悟时说:“寻得旨之     

知讷的禅学思想研究

知讷是韩国高丽时期禅宗的代表、曹溪宗的创始人。他批判地继承和发展了前期的佛教思想,取长补短,构筑了自己的禅学思想体系。在佛性论上,知讷提出“真心佛性”说,认为人人本具“真心”。在修行论上,知讷以禅教一元观为基础,大力提倡顿悟渐修。在境界论上,知讷认为众生当下明悟本具真心,便会达到一种空的、无差别的真心境界。知讷以自己独特的禅学思想成为与元晓、义天等同居于韩国佛教殿堂之巅的高僧大觉,在韩国禅宗史、韩国佛教史乃至东亚佛教史上都具有举足轻重的地位。     

记忆的顿悟优势效应

记忆的顿悟优势效应指, 与加工非顿悟问题相比, 加工顿悟问题能够产生更优的记忆保持量。该效应在顿悟的两种操作性定义以及不同实验材料中稳定出现。基于顿悟阶段观, 研究者提出两种理论解释记忆的顿悟优势效应的认知机制：认知的生成效应和表征转化理论认为, 顿悟加工过程中的认知努力、适当迁移加工以及顿悟的表征转换加工促进记忆的保持效果; 情绪的“啊哈”体验理论认为, 加工顿悟问题后的情绪对后续的信息提取具有促进作用。未来的研究可从优化顿悟的指标、巩固记忆的顿悟优势效应、评估其持续性以及更加系统探讨记忆的顿悟优势效应的认知机制等四个方面展开。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.