公共健康问题与政府的治理责任

公共健康是人类社会存在与发展的重要财富,也是提高国民素质、加速经济增长的基本条件.中国经济近年来处在高速增长期,但并没有真正解决公共健康问题,公共不健康和健康不公平的现状实际上已成为制约社会发展的突出矛盾,对此政府必须坚持低收入人口优先受益原则,承担起加大公共卫生投资力度,加强公共卫生体系建设和进行全民公共健康道德教育的责任.     

公共健康问题与政府的治理责任

公共健康是人类社会存在与发展的重要财富,也是提高国民素质、加速经济增长的基本条件。中国经济近年来处在高速增长期,但并没有真正解决公共健康问题,公共不健康和健康不公平的现状实际上已成为制约社会发展的突出矛盾,对此政府必须坚持低收入人口优先受益原则,承担起加大公共卫生投资力度,加强公共卫生体系建设和进行全民公共健康道德教育的责任。     

公共卫生伦理学——第8届世界生命伦理学大会学术内容介绍（之一）

公共卫生伦理学是一个新的领域。随着突发传染病的全球流行,公共卫生问题也日益突出。但与临床伦理学和研究伦理学相比,公共卫生伦理学还是一个未被充分开垦的新领域。本次大会探讨这方面问题的会议有:公共卫生伦理学和突发传染病的控制;突发健康问题的经验和教训:从SARS到禽流     

SARS流行与防治的伦理启示

对传染性疾病的阻击和防治,除了依赖医学自身的发展外,它同样需要得到其他诸学科的支持与配合。从公共卫生伦理学的角度,分析和认识当前对SARS阻击和防治过程中存在的问题,并提出和倡导在全社会重视健康道德观教育。     

公共卫生伦理学——第8届世界生命伦理学大会学术内容介绍(之一)

公共卫生伦理学是一个新的领域.随着突发传染病的全球流行,公共卫生问题也日益突出.但与临床伦理学和研究伦理学相比,公共卫生伦理学还是一个未被充分开垦的新领域.本次大会探讨这方面问题的会议有:公共卫生伦理学和突发传染病的控制;突发健康问题的经验和教训:从SARS到禽流感;全球流行的禽流感的伦理问题;中国面临的突发公共卫生问题;新的突发性传染病的伦理学;公共卫生的伦理问题.因此公共卫生伦理的学术内容比较丰富.现分别介绍如下.     

公共卫生领域非传统安全威胁及应对

医学公共卫生领域非传统安全威胁历来是而且当今仍然是威胁人类自身生存的重大社会安全问题.重大传染病的暴发、自杀、现代医学高科技等现象动辄呈现出全球化趋势,尤其是SARS的爆发,突出了公共卫生的重要性,给我国公共卫生的管理及政策制定提出了更高要求:应真正建立起以"预防为主"的公共卫生体系,加强中国与国际的安全合作,加强公民的医学和健康教育.这是由公共卫生本身的性质和时代的发展共同决定的.     

医学整合:公共卫生教育发展的方向

医学整合是我国公共卫生发展的战略方向,也是公共卫生教育发展的方向.我国公共卫生教育在医学整合存在诸多不利因素,需要与基础医学和临床医学教育整合,与健康教育和健康促进整合,与公共卫生实践整合,培养具有整合医学知识、素质和能力的公共卫生人才.     

中国健康城市建设的进展及理论思考

中国健康城市的建设走过了探索和实质性发展两个阶段.它以健康促进的理念为指导,以"健康社会、健康环境、健康人群"为主线,成为了当前开展健康促进的典范.健康城市能呈现实质且快速发展的势头,政府主导是其重要的特点.它既符合中国社会文化背景和现状,也是以"上游策略"来解决全人群健康问题创新性举措.中国健康城市推行的深远意义在于,它为当前公共卫生体系建设赋予了先进的内涵,与世界卫生组织倡导的"健康促进曼谷宪章"的核心精神是完全相符的,成为了引领中国公共卫生汇入国际现代公共卫生运动的领头兵.但是,它的茁壮成长仍需要有远见的政治家的呵护和支持.     

传染病管理策略的转变

SARS暴发结束以来,人们在流行病学、临床上、疾病预防和控制、传染病应急机制建立和完善等诸多方面进行总结、反思、探索和研究,带来了许多积极的转变和进步,表现在:(1)公共卫生基础建设和突发公共卫生应急系统建设受到重视和加强,国家制定了相应法律法规,提供了依法预防和处理突发公共卫生事件法律保证,同时从国家到地方都把公共卫生建设放在优先的位置…;(2)对突发性公共卫生事件反应、处理更加科学化和规范化[2],表现在SARS后出现的一些突发公共卫生事件,信息灵敏、各方联动、反应迅速、效果显著;(3)各级医疗机构和医务人员对诸如新发和再现传染病意识、预警水平和处理能力明显提高,一方面继续保持对SARS重现的高度警惕,同时跟踪各种传染病流行的新趋势和特点,临床上对各种传染病早期识别和管理水平大大提高;(4)加强了国际间合作,分享信息和联合攻关,提高了对传染病认识和控制水平.     

正视公共卫生,建立有效的疾病控制体系--SARS疫情后的反思

SARS是由一种变异的冠状病毒(Corona-virus)所致的极为危险的传染病,给我们这个世界带来了一次严峻的考验,从政府到社会的方方面面都全力投身于这一次疫情抗击活动。疫情暴露了我们在卫生改革与发展过程中战略与战术上的缺陷与失误,也使我们清楚地认识到,政府必须正视公共卫生,必须建立一个拥有处理公共卫生突发事件能力的疾病控制系统,为居民健康服务;尽管这次SARS危机挑战的是国家的公共卫生系统,但是对我国卫生事业的改革与发展已经产生了巨大而深远的影响。     

The psychology behind the masks: Psychological responses to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in different regions

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was first reported in China, and spread to 29 regions, affecting over 8000 people worldwide. For the general public, the psychological impact of SARS may have been greater than the physical health danger of the disease. The present paper proposes the influence of psychological factors on people's cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses during the SARS outbreak. The various papers in this special issue of the Journal reveal how people have reacted during the SARS outbreak: People's general coping styles may be related to their health behavior during the outbreak. Cultural differences were evident in the perception of SARS, and individuals' perceptual styles may have influenced their ability to cope with the outbreak. The way in which individuals coped with SARS-related stressful events was different from their usual practices of managing daily stress. Individual differences in the adoption of preventive measures were related to the distinct susceptibility to several social-cognitive biases.     

高血压防治模式探讨

高血压是一种严重危害人体健康的生活方式病,也是一种心身疾病。它的危害性较之烈性传染病有过之而无不及。但高血压防治仍停留在“专家模式”一头热的困局上,临床指南与临床实践有较大差距。高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率均低。造成“三低”的原因有:(1)对高血压这种慢性、流行性疾病的危害性认识不足;(2)健康观念存在误区;(3)迷信一劳永逸的治疗方法;(4)人群防治知识缺乏、素质低下。高血压防治是一个科学的综合管理过程,只有从健康教育入手,全面提高人群高血压防治知识水平,才能开创高血压防治的新局面。健康追求不应只是个人行为,还必须是群体行为和社会行为。人群有了健康观念、健康心态和健康智慧,高血压的防治才能取得真正的成效。     

农村健康保障制度与反贫困

从我国农村健康保障现实出发,认为建立农村健康保障制度是反贫困的迫切要求和重要组成部分,并提出了一些政策建议,如树立公共健康投资理念、政府职能转变与市场机制结合等.     

Coping with the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome: Role of threat appraisals and coping responses in health behaviors

The present study examines the psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by exploring the coping strategies and health behaviors enacted in response to the SARS epidemic. Hierarchical linear regression indicated that the use of wishful thinking in response to the threat of SARS was related to both avoiding public places and avoiding people perceived to be possible carriers of the SARS virus, but was not associated with the use of more adaptive health behaviors, such as using disinfectants and hand washing. Conversely, those who reported engaging in empathic responding in response to the threat of SARS were both less likely to report avoiding people perceived as being at a high risk for SARS and more likely to report engaging in effective health behaviors. Support seeking was not a significant predictor of the health behaviors examined in the present study. Results are discussed in terms of coping with health threats and health promotion.     

我国民众对SARS信息的风险认知及心理行为

采用分层抽样的调查方法,对全国17个城市的4231名市民进行了SARS疫情中风险认知特征和心理行为的研究。结果发现：（1）负性信息,包括患病信息和与自身关系密切的信息,更易引起民众的高风险认知; 正性信息,包括治愈信息和政府防范措施的信息,能降低个体风险认知水平。（2）我国民众5月中旬风险认知因素空间位置分析结果表明, SARS病因处于不熟悉和难以控制一端,“愈后对身体的影响和有无传染性”处于不熟悉一端,这是引起民众风险意识的主要因素。（3）结构方程分析结果表明,SARS疫情信息是通过风险认知对个体的应对行为、心理健康产生影响的, 并初步验证了风险评估、心理紧张度、应对行为和心理健康等指标对于危机事件中民众心理行为的预测作用     

Transnational Quarantine Rhetorics: Public Mobilization in SARS and in H1N1 Flu

This essay examines how Chinese governments, local communities, and overseas Chinese in North America responded to the perceived health risks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and H1N1 flu through the use of public and participatory rhetoric about risk and quarantines. Focusing on modes of security and quarantine practices, I examine how globalization and the social crises surrounding SARS and H1N1 flu operated to regulate differently certain bodies and areas. I identify three types of quarantines (mandatory, voluntary, and coerced) and conduct a transnational comparative analysis to investigate the relationships among quarantines, rhetoric, and public communication. I argue that health authorities must openly acknowledge the legitimacy of public input and actively seek public support regarding health crises. Only by collaborating with concerned communities and citizens and by providing careful guidance for public participation can health institutions ensure the efficacy of quarantine orders during emerging epidemics.     

心理咨询热线在突发性公共卫生事件中的应用分析

2003年SARS在中国一些地区的流行给社会公众在心理上带来了一定程度的影响,在SARS流行期间期间及时开通了面向公众的心理咨询热线,成为了广大公众寻求心理支持的有效途径,为缓解社会压力、促进社会正常秩序恢复起到了积极作用。该文结合中国科学院心理研究所“非典心理咨询热线”的统计数据,进一步探讨了心理咨询热线在应对突发性公共卫生事件中的作用和工作特点。     

Biases in the perceived prevalence and motives of severe acute respiratory syndrome prevention behaviors among Chinese high school students in Hong Kong

In two studies conducted in Hong Kong during and immediately after the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), participants displayed several social cognitive biases when they estimated the prevalence of and inferred the motives underlying SARS preventive behaviors. First, participants who practiced preventive behaviors (practicers) consistently estimated that more people practiced such behaviors than did non-practicers (false consensus bias). Second, for some preventive behaviors, participants believed that their own behaviors were more motivated by prosocial concerns (relative to self-interest) than were other practicers (pluralistic ignorance). Finally, non-practicers underestimated the importance of prosocial concerns underlying some preventive behaviors (actor-observer bias). We discussed the relevance of these social cognitive biases to health education and to Hong Kong people's psychological reactions to SARS.