Effects on incidental memory of affective tone in associated past and future episodes: influence of emotional intelligence

The present study examined the effects of emotion elicited by episodes (past events or expected future events) and the relationship between individual differences in emotional intelligence and memory. Participants' emotional intelligence was assessed on the Japanese version of Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire. They rated the pleasantness of episodes they associated with targets, and then performed unexpected free recall tests. When the targets were associated with episodes that were past events, all participants recalled more of the targets associated with pleasant and unpleasant episodes than those associated with neutral episodes. However, when the targets were associated with episodes expected to occur in the future, only participants with higher emotional intelligence scores recalled more of the targets associated with pleasant and unpleasant episodes. The participants with lower emotional intelligence scores recalled the three target types with similar accuracy. These results were interpreted as showing that emotional intelligence is associated with the processing of targets associated with future episodes as retrieval cues.     

个体情绪智力与工作场所绩效关系的元分析

运用元分析方法对个体情绪智力与工作场所绩效的关系问题进行了探讨。来源于75项研究的87个独立样本满足了元分析的标准(N=12882)。元分析结果发现, 整体上个体情绪智力与工作场所绩效有中等程度的相关(r=0.28); 情绪智力测量工具、绩效衡量标准、实证数据特点和文化差异等会调节影响它们之间的关系; 在多种调节效应中, 中国文化背景下它们之间的关系最强(r=0.37)。结果表明, 情绪智力能有效地预测工作绩效; 情绪智力与工作绩效的关系强度受不同因素影响会发生小幅变化; 文化差异对它们之间关系的影响最为明显。此结果提供了情绪智力预测工作绩效的精确估计, 并能为未来情绪智力研究指引方向。     

Individual differences in emotional intelligence and incidental memory of words1

Participants were required to complete the Japanese version of the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire ( Toyota, Morita, & Tak?i?, 2007 ) to assess their level of emotional intelligence. Then they were asked to rate the pleasantness of an episode that each target reminded them of, followed by unexpected free recall tests. Participants with high emotional intelligence recalled targets with pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant episodes equally. However, for participants with low emotional intelligence, targets with neutral episodes were recalled less than those with pleasant or unpleasant ones. These results were interpreted as showing that the level of emotional intelligence determined the effectiveness of neutral episodes on targets as retrieval cues.     

Mood and the self-reference bias in recall

Hypotheses linking a negative recall bias (or negative self-schema) with vulnerability to depression were tested using an experimental mood-induction task. Extent of bias in student subjects was found to be unstable over a 4-month period, but different measures of memory bias within one session were highly correlated. Marginally significant correlations in the expected direction were found between estimates of recall bias and mood state, whether measured at the same or at different times. Change in mood following induction did not relate to change in bias, suggesting that the observed differences in recall are not a simple function of transient mood state alone. Equally, the initial recall bias did not predict the extent of mood shift following induction, as would be expected if a negative self-schema determined ease of mood shift in a negative direction. However, significant correlations were found between negative recall bias and self-reported frequency and severity of depression, lending equivocal support to the negative self-schema model.     

情绪效价的记忆增强效应:存储或提取优势?

情绪效价和情绪唤醒是描述情绪的两个维度。情绪增强记忆效应表明情绪唤醒事件的记忆往往优于非情绪唤醒事件的记忆,但关于积极情绪记忆和消极情绪记忆哪个在记忆中处于优势仍存在争论。实验以情绪词对和中性词对为实验材料。实验一探讨积极情绪词语或消极情绪词语的记忆优势; 实验二探讨积极情绪环境或消极情绪环境中中性词语的记忆优势。在两种实验条件下,积极情绪下的自由回忆都优于消极情绪下的自由回忆; 多项加工树的存储—提取模型使用实验自由回忆和线索回忆的结果将记忆的存储和提取优势分离开来,结果表明:积极情绪事件记忆优势发生在存储阶段,而积极情绪环境记忆优势发生在存储和提取阶段; 积极情绪事件记忆偏向支持“刺激后编码增强假设”,积极情绪环境记忆偏向支持“唤醒—偏向竞争假设”。     

职场负面八卦对科技人员创造力的影响机制研究

以职场“冷”暴力理论为切入点,采用层级回归和拔靴法对327份样本数据进行分析验证了职场负面八卦对科技人员创造力的影响机制。结论：职场负面八卦对科技人员的创造力有显著的抑制作用,人际信任在上述关系中起到中介作用;情绪智力在调节职场负面八卦和人际信任之间关系的同时,也调节了人际信任的中介作用,而且当科技人员的情绪智力水平较低时,人际信任的中介作用更为显著。     

The relationship of emotional intelligence with academic intelligence and the Big Five

The present study examines the relationship of self‐ and other ratings of emotional intelligence with academic intelligence and personality, as well as the incremental validity of emotional intelligence beyond academic intelligence and personality in predicting academic and social success. A sample of 116 students filled in measures for emotional and academic intelligence, the Big Five, and indicators of social and academic success. Moreover, other ratings were obtained from four different raters on emotional intelligence and social success. Factor analysis revealed three emotional intelligence dimensions that were labelled as ‘Empathy’, ‘Autonomy’, and ‘Emotional Control’. Little evidence was found for a relationship between emotional and academic intelligence. Academic intelligence was low and inconsistently related to emotional intelligence, revealing both negative and positive interrelations. Strong relationships were found of the emotional intelligence dimensions with the Big Five, particularly with Extraversion and Emotional Stability. Interestingly, the emotional intelligence dimensions were able to predict both academic and social success above traditional indicators of academic intelligence and personality. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

情绪智力的代际传递：有调节的中介模型

为考察父母情绪智力对青少年情绪智力的代际传递效应,同时探讨情感温暖的中介作用以及同伴关系的调节作用,对644名初中生及其父母进行调查,由父母报告自身情绪智力水平,青少年报告父母情感温暖、同伴关系以及自身情绪智力水平。结果发现：（1）父母情绪智力显著正向影响子女情绪智力。（2）父母情感温暖在父母情绪智力与子女情绪智力之间中介效应显著。（3）同伴关系在父母情感温暖影响子女情绪智力的路径中起显著调节作用。     

Face recognition as a predictor of social cognitive ability: Effects of emotion and race on face processing

The human face conveys important social signals when people interact in social contexts. The current study investigated the relationship between face recognition and emotional intelligence, and how societal factors of emotion and race influence people's face recognition. Participants’ recognition accuracy, reaction time, sensitivity, and response bias were measured to examine their face‐processing ability. Fifty Caucasian undergraduates (38 females, 12 males; average age = 21.76 years) participated in a face recognition task in which they discriminated previously presented target faces from novel distractor faces. A positive correlation between participants’ emotional intelligence scores and their performance on the face recognition task was observed, suggesting that face recognition ability was associated with emotional or social intelligence. Additionally, Caucasian participants recognized happy faces better than angry or neutral faces. It was also observed that people recognized Asian faces better than Caucasian ones, which appears to be contradictory to the classic other‐race effect. The present study suggests that some societal factors could influence face processing, and face recognition ability could in turn predict social intelligence.     

领导者情绪智力对领导力效能影响的元分析

以往领导者情绪智力和领导力效能之间关系的研究存在很大分歧。运用元分析方法考察了领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响及其组织情境和研究方法调节变量。通过纳入98篇中英文文献和110个效应量(n = 27330), 结果表明：(1)领导者情绪智力与领导力效能存在中等程度的正相关(r = 0.39)。(2)组织情境因素的调节作用检验发现, 高层领导者的情绪智力对领导力效能的影响明显高于中层和基层领导者, 非营利性组织中的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响比营利组织中的影响更强, 东方文化背景下的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响比西方文化背景下更强。(3)方法因素的调节作用检验发现, 采用混合模型测量的领导者情绪智力对领导力效能的影响高于采用能力模型测量的结果, 采用客观指标衡量领导力效能的相关系数比主观指标更大, 领导者情绪智力对工作态度指标的影响弱于工作绩效指标, 领导者情绪智力对群体层次效能的影响强于个体层次。从研究设计和出版标准等方面探究领导者情绪智力和领导力效能之间关系的调节变量是未来研究的重点。     

大学生情绪智力与感恩的交叉滞后分析

以修订后的情绪智力量表(EIS)中文版、青少年感恩量表（AGS）为研究工具,对1所普通高校的 406名大一至大三学生进行为期5个月的追踪,考察大学生情绪智力和感恩的发展变化,以及情绪智力与感恩之间的关系。结果发现：（1）大学生的情绪智力相对稳定,感恩存在一定的发展变化;（2）情绪智力与感恩之间呈显著正相关;（3）交叉滞后回归分析结果表明,前测的情绪智力可以显著预测后测的感恩,而前测的感恩不能显著预测后测的情绪智力。     

大学生情绪智力和班级人际网络对适应性的影响机制:多层中介效应模型

以国内7所大学、20个教学班、646名学生为研究样本,采用问卷调查法和社会网络分析法收集数据。运用1-1-1中介效应模型分析大学生情绪智力、班级人际网络和适应性之间的关系。结果显示:(1)大学生适应性与情绪智力、班级人际网络的点度中心度呈显著正相关,情绪智力可正向预测大学生适应性,情绪智力可正向预测大学生在班级人际网络的点度中心度;(2)1-1-1中介效应模型分析结果显示班级人际网络的点度中心度在情绪智力与适应性关系中起部分中介作用。     

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Style: A Gender Comparison

This study examined the predictive relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style. The researchers also wanted to determine gender differences in the relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style, as well as the gender differences in the emotional intelligence scores and transformational leadership style of managers. A significant predictive relationship (p < .05) was found between transformational leadership style and emotional intelligence. No significant interaction (p < .05) was found between gender and emotional intelligence while predicting transformational leadership style. A significant difference (p < .05) was found in the emotional intelligence of scores of male and female managers. Lastly, no significant difference (p > .05) was found in the transformational leadership scores of male and female managers.     

上下级情绪智力对LMX、员工工作结果变量的作用研究

本研究探讨员工情绪智力对领导一成员交换（LMX）和员工工作结果变量的影响,并分析了上级情绪智力在其间的作用。研究通过对银行业员工及其直接领导进行280份问卷调查,运用相关分析、回归分析等统计方法。发现员工情绪智力和LMX、员工的情感承诺、组织公民行为、工作绩效正相关,上级情绪智力对员工情绪智力和LMX之间的关系有缓冲作用,LMX对员工情绪智力和员工情感承诺、组织公民行为之间的关系起到部分中介作用。     

情绪智力在身体自尊与进食障碍倾向间的调节作用

采取整群抽样对1043名中学生进行问卷调查,主要探讨身体自尊、情绪智力与青少年进食障碍倾向之间的关系,检验情绪智力的调节作用。结果表明：（1） BMI、性别、年级和年龄均是青少年进食障碍倾向的预测因素。（2）青少年身体自尊负向预测其进食障碍倾向。（3）青少年情绪智力在身体自尊和进食障碍倾向之间起调节作用,具体来说,无论情绪智力高低,青少年身体自尊均显著预测其进食障碍倾向,然而,相对于高情绪智力被试,低情绪智力被试的身体自尊对其进食障碍倾向的预测力更大。     

Relation of an Ability Measure of Emotional Intelligence to Personality

Is emotional intelligence simply a naive theory of personality, or is it a form of intelligence? If emotional intelligence is to be of value, it must measure something unique and distinct from standard personality traits. To explore this question, this study examined an ability test of emotional intelligence and its relationship to personality test variables to determine the extent to which these constructs overlap. A sample of 183 men and women took the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999), an ability measure of emotional intelligence as well as measures of career interests, personality, and social behavior. Emotional intelligence was measured reliably and was relatively independent of traditionally defined personality traits, supporting the discriminant validity of the emotional intelligence construct.     

Relation of an ability measure of emotional intelligence to personality

Is emotional intelligence simply a naive theory of personality, or is it a form of intelligence? If emotional intelligence is to be of value, it must measure something unique and distinct from standard personality traits. To explore this question, this study examined an ability test of emotional intelligence and its relationship to personality test variables to determine the extent to which these constructs overlap. A sample of 183 men and women took the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (Mayer, Caruso, & Salovey, 1999), an ability measure of emotional intelligence as well as measures of career interests, personality, and social behavior. Emotional intelligence was measured reliably and was relatively independent of traditionally defined personality traits, supporting the discriminant validity of the emotional intelligence construct.     

Is an optimistic memory less easily influenced by negative than by positive emotions?

This work examines whether a positive personality trait, such as optimism, can reduce bias in differential words recalled after inducing a certain emotion. After showing a list of words with various emotional valences to a group of 59 subjects, a specific emotional state was induced. Subsequently, the subjects were asked to recall the list of words. The results obtained indicated that less optimistic subjects had a tendency to recall and recognize a greater number of negative words when in a negative emotional condition. Statistical significance was reached in the female group's negative word recognition when experiencing negative emotion.     

自我对话与情绪智力的关系:自我意识的中介作用

以389名大学生为被试,采用自我对话量表、自我意识量表和情绪智力量表,考察了三者之间的关系,以说明自我意识在自我对话与情绪智力的关系中所起的中介效应。结果表明,在中国大学生群体中,自我对话的自我激励维度得分最低,其次是社会评价维度,自我批判和自我管理维度得分最高;自我意识在自我对话和情绪智力的关系中起着完全中介作用;自我意识包含两个维度即私我意识与公我意识,私我意识在自我对话与情绪智力的关系中起着部分中介作用,公我意识在自我对话与情绪智力的关系中起着部分中介作用,并且私我意识的中介效应大于公我意识的中介效应。     

How remembering less acts of gratitude can make one feel more grateful and satisfied with close relationships: The role of ease of recall

Two studies were conducted to examine the influence of ease of recall on state gratitude and satisfaction with close relationships among college students from Mexico. Participants were randomly assigned to remembering and writing down two versus six acts for which they should be grateful. Participants then completed a battery of questionnaires measuring state gratitude, negative affect, satisfaction with close relationships, ease of recall and trait gratitude and extroversion (for Study 2 only). Results from both studies showed that recalling two acts was perceived as easier than recalling six acts. This experience of ease of recall had a positive influence on state gratitude, even after controlling for the effects of trait gratitude and extroversion, which then had positive relationship with satisfaction with close relationships.