弥勒信仰衰落原因简论

弥勒净土信仰在南北朝时期非常兴盛,到隋唐以后逐渐衰落.其衰落的内在原因,主要是在弥勒净土和弥陀净土的选择上,信众更倾向于后者.其次·弥勒净土后继乏人而弥陀净土却人才辈出,以及以弥勒为号召的民众起义所带来的负面影响,是弥勒信仰衰落的另一在原因.     

灸法衰落原因的探讨与思考

从产生疼痛、带来创伤、耗时较长等内部原因及重药轻灸、重医轻灸、西医冲击等外部因素探讨灸法自身局限与衰落原因,据此提出灸法技术发展及理论创新的思考。     

灸法衰落原因的探讨与思考

从产生疼痛、带来创伤、耗时较长等内部原因及重药轻灸、重医轻灸、西医冲击等外部因素探讨灸法自身局限与衰落原因,据此提出灸法技术发展及理论创新的思考.     

关帝信仰形成原因探究

在关羽被神化的历程中,社会各界都积极参与,归纳起来有三条脉络即民间、封建帝王和正统宗教(佛教、道教),它们分别以其各具特色的方式对关羽加以崇奉,而且互相影响、互相促进,共同完成了这一神化。本文针对这三条脉络分别探究其神化关羽的原因,指出封建社会帝王们对关羽的进封是随着具体的社会政治需求而不断改变的;民间对关羽的尊崇则体现了民众信仰的实用主义;而正统宗教纳关羽为神则是其适应社会的体现。     

转型时期俄罗斯青年信仰的变化

转型时期,由于经济下滑,俄罗斯人民的生活水平显著下降,社会问题频频出现,特别是苏共解散,意识形态出现了真空,因此作为人们精神需求的信仰也发生了变化,尤其是俄罗斯青年人的信仰变化显著,青年人的信仰不仅关系到他们的价值追求与行为取向,而且是关系到俄罗斯国家未来发展的大问题.     

信仰之中道(三)CSSCISSCI

第二个论题：真主的古有 我们说：世界存在所需要的原因是古有的（？？？？）。（1）因为,如果他是新生的,就必定需要另一个原因;若另一个原因也是新生的,亦必再需要另一个原因。如此这般,造成无限推演。这是荒谬的。是故,原因之序列必然终止于一个古有者,停止在他那里。他就是我们寻求的称为世界之创造者的主宰。我们必定要承认他的存在。     

从文化人类学的角度研究藏族出现多神信仰的原因

拳文试着从整个人类的发展略谈原始宗教的起源及发展,侧重从自然环境的影响到人格化的影响,再到由原始部落的崛起使政治经济格局的变化等等一步步层层深入的分析了藏族出现多神信仰的原因,最后用辩证唯物主义的思想论证这种信仰是社会历史的真实现象在某一段历史意识下的表现。     

宋代禁巫兴医原因之分析

有宋一代，宋朝廷及官吏针对广南西路、川峡四路等地信巫不信医之风炽盛的情况，实行了禁巫兴医的举措。考其原因，有以下三点：巫觋所为有悖儒家伦常之拳；防止有人利用巫术生事，有碍社会安定及威胁其政权；基于拯救百姓之性命之考虑，实行禁巫兴医之举。     

大学生民间信仰状况实证分析——基于对在杭部分高校的调查

民间信仰是中国传统文化的重要构成,具有鲜明的民俗性和宗教性特征,延袭至今,价值彰显与陋俗复燃并存。通过对在杭10所高校学生的抽样调查,有不少大学生对民间信仰存在着一定的热情,或有不少已经成为潜在的信众。分析发现,成长环境对于大学生的民间信仰行为形成及态度取向有重要影响,在出生成长地环境和家庭环境等相关性因素难以改变的情况下,需要更加重视通过学校教育塑造大学生科学的认知观和健康的人格观,教育引导大学生确立正确的马克思主义宗教观,科学理解社会主义先进文化的本质和价值,认清邪教和宗教、俗性和迷信的本质区别,以扬弃的态度和行动对待中国传统信仰习俗。     

外交决策中的信息沟通与决策——“紫石英”号事件处理失败原因之分析

紫石英号事件是英国和中国共产党在二战后的第一次正面接触,双方对事件都采取了低调的处理方式。这本可以成为彼此通过协商或谈判进而开启正式交往关系的一个契机,但由于种种原因,该事件最终以紫石英号的被迫撤退结束。其原因是英国政府在事件发生前、发生时以及谈判中未能与中国共产党和英国远东分支机构达成有效的信息沟通,导致下情未通上,上令难下行,与中国共产党产生了不必要的误会和矛盾,作出了错误的决策。     

Logical dynamics of belief change in the community

In this paper we explore the relationship between norms of belief revision that may be adopted by members of a community and the resulting dynamic properties of the distribution of beliefs across that community. We show that at a qualitative level many aspects of social belief change can be obtained from a very simple model, which we call ‘threshold influence’. In particular, we focus on the question of what makes the beliefs of a community stable under various dynamical situations. We also consider refinements and alternatives to the ‘threshold’ model, the most significant of which is to consider changes to plausibility judgements rather than mere beliefs. We show first that some such change is mandated by difficult problems with belief-based dynamics related to the need to decide on an order in which different beliefs are considered. Secondly, we show that the resulting plausibility-based account results in a deterministic dynamical system that is non-deterministic at the level of beliefs.     

Rational belief change,popper functions and counterfactuals

This paper uses Popper's treatment of probability and an epistemic constraint on probability assignments to conditionals to extend the Bayesian representation of rational belief so that revision of previously accepted evidence is allowed for. Results of this extension include an epistemic semantics for Lewis' theory of counterfactual conditionals and a representation for one kind of conceptual change.     

Iffy beliefs: Conditional thinking and belief change

The ability to entertain possibilities and draw inferences about them is essential to human intelligence. We examine the hypothesis that conditional if-then statements trigger a mental simulation process in which people suppose the antecedent (if statement) to be true and evaluate the consequent (then statement) in that context. On the assumption that supposing an event to be true increases belief that the event has occurred or will occur, this hypothesis is consistent with the claim that evaluating a conditional will heighten belief in its antecedent more than in its consequent. Two experiments, employing conditionals of the form If animal A has property X, then animal B will have property X, in which X was a property that people could not readily relate to the animals, supported this claim. The effect was stronger following the evaluation of conditionals with dissimilar animal categories.     

Verisimilitude and belief change for nomic conjunctive theories

In this paper, we address the problem of truth approximation through theory change, asking whether revising our theories by newly acquired data leads us closer to the truth about a given domain. More particularly, we focus on “nomic conjunctive theories”, i.e., theories expressed as conjunctions of logically independent statements concerning the physical or, more generally, nomic possibilities and impossibilities of the domain under inquiry. We define both a comparative and a quantitative notion of the verisimilitude of such theories, and identify suitable conditions concerning the (partial) correctness of acquired data, under which revising our theories by data leads us closer to “the nomic truth”, construed as the target of scientific inquiry. We conclude by indicating some further developments, generalizations, and open issues arising from our results.     

Shifting foundations: religious belief change and adjustment in college students

In a sample of 154 college students, prevalence of religious belief change and its relationship to religiosity and coping variables were examined twice over the course of one month. Students who reported belief change (62%) scored higher than those who did not on measures of religiosity and fared worse on adjustment measures. Significant differences in coping strategies were noted, with the change group using more religious coping and alcohol and drugs to cope. Within the change group, a higher degree of change was related to higher levels of religiousness and religious coping, and poorer adjustment at baseline and follow-up.     

An evaluation of self-esteem and impression management theories of anticipatory belief change

The predictions of self-esteem and impression management theories of anticipatory belief change were examined as a function of whether or not subjects were reminded that their preexperimental attitudes has been assessed, the source of the expected persuasive communication (expert vs. peer), and whether or not explicit instructions were given regarding the experimenter's concern with opinion change. Anticipatory shifts changed as a function of an interaction of all three variables. In the Reminder conditions, subjects changed their attitudes toward a peer's position when the experimenter explicitly referred to opinion change. In the No Reminder conditions, subjects shifted toward an expert when the instructions were explicit and toward a peer when the instructions were implicit. The results were discussed as qualifying previous research in this area and as problematic for both self-esteem and impression management approaches to anticipatory shifts.     

Local warming: daily temperature change influences belief in global warming

Although people are quite aware of global warming, their beliefs about it may be malleable; specifically, their beliefs may be constructed in response to questions about global warming. Beliefs may reflect irrelevant but salient information, such as the current day's temperature. This replacement of a more complex, less easily accessed judgment with a simple, more accessible one is known as attribute substitution. In three studies, we asked residents of the United States and Australia to report their opinions about global warming and whether the temperature on the day of the study was warmer or cooler than usual. Respondents who thought that day was warmer than usual believed more in and had greater concern about global warming than did respondents who thought that day was colder than usual. They also donated more money to a global-warming charity if they thought that day seemed warmer than usual. We used instrumental variable regression to rule out some alternative explanations.