Shared focus in mother—child joint activity in the second year of life

Shared focus between mother and child during joint activity was examined. Ten dyads were observed at 16 and 20 months. We found that the level of conventionality expressed by shared focus increases with age. The activity becomes more oriented towards the cultural aspects of the objects than to material aspects, and social games become more oriented towards symbolic and linguistic aspects than to practical ones. Moreover, we found that the content of the game influences the function of the child's utterances both at 16 and at 20 months. These results point to the cultural specification of joint activity, which can be viewed as mediating the development of intersubjectivity as well as individual behaviour.     

Diary reports on emotional experiences in the onset of a psychosocial transition: becoming drug‐free

The process of becoming drug free is viewed as a psychosocial transition in the life of drug addicts. A specific form of treatment of heroin addiction within residential communities is based on the importance of interpersonal relationships for change. Well‐being of 65 drug addicts during the first 2 weeks in a residential community is explored using a time‐sampling diary which was completed four times a day. The influence of subjects' history, situational context, and motive activation on well‐being and emotions is investigated. Results show that well‐being and emotions differ mainly according to subjects' history, but not — at least at the beginning of treatment within the community — according to situations. This is interpreted as a ‘state of shock’ in the new environment and highlights the necessity for special individual care for subjects with a long drug career. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A one year study of coping,social support and quality of life in parkinson's disease

Abstract

The role of coping and social support in the quality of life for Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients is not well understood. Most studies are cross-sectional and concentrate on depression as an outcome measure. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of coping and social support in quality of life for patients with PD. Self-report measures were completed by 105 sufferers of PD; 75 completed the same questionnaire a year later. Patients had the most problems with social function, followed by problems with mobility control and psychological autonomy and communication. After controlling for age, gender and illness duration, the number of PD symptoms predicted mobility control, social functioning and psychological function. Passive coping explained additional variance in most functional domains with more passive coping being related to increased problems. The quality of life was highly stable over the course of the year. Active coping was related to superior psychological functioning one year later. In fact, this was the only coping and social support variable related to functioning after one year, when controlling for previous functions. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of symptom management in PD.     

劳教戒毒者自我价值感特点的初步研究

探讨劳教戒毒者的自我价值感特点,对劳教戒毒者的改造和矫治工作具有一定的意义。本研究用黄希庭编制的自我价值感量表对160名劳教戒毒者进行测量。结果表明：劳教戒毒者在总体自我价值感、一般自我价值感及特殊自我价值感的大多数分量表上均显著低于正常成年人,而他们在自我价值感的多数分量表上均未见有性别、职业和婚姻状况上的差异。     

Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year

Meaning in life and life satisfaction are both important variables in well-being research. Whereas an appreciable body of work suggests that life satisfaction is fairly stable over long periods of time, little research has investigated the stability of meaning in life ratings. In addition, it is unknown whether these highly correlated variables change independent of each other over time. Eighty-two participants (mean age = 19.3 years, SD 1.4; 76% female; 84% European-American) completed measures of the presence of meaning in life, the search for meaning in life, and life satisfaction an average of 13 months apart (SD = 2.3 months). Moderate stability was found for presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life, and life satisfaction. Multiple regressions demonstrated specificity in predicting change among these measures. Support for validity and reliability of these variables is discussed.     

药物成瘾诱导相关大脑核团功能和行为改变的DNA甲基化机制

药物成瘾会导致相关神经环路的结构和功能长期改变.大量新的研究证据表明,在DNA序列不变的情况下,药物成瘾可通过影响不同亚型DNA甲基转移酶(DNMTs)的表达,使脑内多个相关核团发生DNA甲基化以及基因表达的改变,进而导致神经元功能的可塑性变化.因此,DNA甲基化被视作导致成瘾行为长期存在的可能机制之一.结合近几年来的重要发现,本文将重点讨论相关脑区的DNA甲基化在成瘾行为发生发展过程中的作用,以及成瘾药物影响DNA甲基化水平的可能机制,并试图提出可深入的研究展望.     

The developmental course of lexical tone perception in the first year of life

Perceptual reorganisation of infants' speech perception has been found from 6 months for consonants and earlier for vowels. Recently, similar reorganisation has been found for lexical tone between 6 and 9 months of age. Given that there is a close relationship between vowels and tones, this study investigates whether the perceptual reorganisation for tone begins earlier than 6 months. Non-tone language English and French infants were tested with the Thai low vs. rising lexical tone contrast, using the stimulus alternating preference procedure. Four- and 6-month-old infants discriminated the lexical tones, and there was no decline in discrimination performance across these ages. However, 9-month-olds failed to discriminate the lexical tones. This particular pattern of decline in nonnative tone discrimination over age indicates that perceptual reorganisation for tone does not parallel the developmentally prior decline observed in vowel perception. The findings converge with previous developmental cross-language findings on tone perception in English-language infants [Mattock, K., & Burnham, D. (2006). Chinese and English infants' tone perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization. Infancy, 10(3)], and extend them by showing similar perceptual reorganisation for non-tone language infants learning rhythmically different non-tone languages (English and French).     

药物成瘾过程的心理-神经理论模型

药物成瘾一般被界定为强迫性药物寻求和药物摄入的行为模式,是一个由偶尔用药逐渐过渡到强迫性用药模式的过程。成瘾过程伴随着一系列脑机能和心理机能的改变,但对药物滥用如何导致这些改变以及这些改变如何诱发成瘾却存在着不同的解释。本文在简要评述拮抗过程模型和异常学习模型的基础上,重点讨论了诱因一易感化模型的主要观点及其行为实验和神经心理学证据,并提出成瘾理论研究进一步整合的可能性。     

心力衰竭的药物及非药物治疗

神经内分泌激活、心室重构是收缩性心力衰竭进展的关键机制,针对上述机制的生物学治疗包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、β受体阻滞剂、盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂等可显著改善心力衰竭患者预后,利尿剂、洋地黄等常规药物治疗可改善心力衰竭症状、降低心力衰竭住院风险,为神经内分泌拮抗剂的应用奠定基础;近年来,从阻断心力衰竭发生机制方面研发了很多新药,但尚没有一种能对长期生存率有显著改善.器械治疗(植入型心脏复律除颤器、心室再同步和心室再同步心脏复律除颤器)可降低特定心力衰竭患者病死风险,预防猝死发生,显著改善预后;心室辅助装置及干细胞治疗则为心力衰竭治疗带来新的曙光.     

药物成瘾机制与手术戒毒研究进展

本文从神经束路学、神经生理学、神经化学和分子神经生物学等方面分析了药物成瘾的病理生理学机制。探讨了立体定向手术戒毒的理论依据及发展方向：通过射频毁损或脑深部电刺激,部分破坏或抑制脑内异常兴奋点,阻断药物刺激引起的病理性信息传递,进而打破药物引起的病理性平衡,通过脑功能的代偿作用和手术后适当的心理行为康复治疗使成瘾相关环路在新水平上重建相对健康的平衡,进而达到减轻药物心理依赖、降低复吸率的目的。     

Using positive peer reporting to improve the social interactions and acceptance of socially isolated adolescents in residential care: a systematic replication

We studied how rewarding youth in residential care for publicly reporting positive social behavior influenced the social interactions and acceptance of their most socially isolated peers. Results showed that the intervention resulted in substantial improvements in social interactions by the previously isolated peers. Peer acceptance ratings also improved for 2 of the target youths.     

Psychological wellbeing and the diathesis-stress hypothesis model: The role of psychological functioning and quality of relations in promoting subjective well-being in a life events study

Negative life events are associated with poor wellbeing and mental health outcomes. Following a diathesis-stress model, we tested whether psychological functioning and quality of interpersonal relationships moderated the effect of life events on subjective wellbeing. This study comprised data from a young and middle-aged adult sample (n = 364) drawn from an Australian university-student population. Results indicated that life events were associated with negative but not positive wellbeing outcomes. Perceived impact of life events was a stronger predictor of wellbeing than was the number of life events. Psychological functioning and quality of interpersonal relationships were associated with both wellbeing dimensions but only quality of interpersonal relationships moderated the effect of life events on wellbeing. In conclusion, perceived impact of life events was more strongly related to wellbeing than number of life events. Interpersonal relationships moderate the effect of life events with those reporting higher levels of quality of interpersonal relationships reporting less decrement in negative affect following stressful life events.     

A longitudinal examination of the transition to symbolic communication in the second year of life

Between 10 and 24 months of age, children progress from communicating through conventional signals to communicating through symbols in a variety of situations. The present study investigates this transition analysing mother–child communication frames and the child's communicative acts, and tracing the developmental changes in both frames and communicative acts. Four children (2 girls, 2 boys) and their mothers were observed longitudinally and extensively, from 10 to 24 months of age, using a multiple case‐study method. Through the detailed investigation of these single cases, clear developmental rajectories were found, showing that conventional frames and representational gestures ‘bridge’ the transition from attentional to symbolic communication. There were significant differences between dyads and children in the developmental trajectories for several frames and communicative acts. The results not only confirm previous findings on the development of verbal and gestural communication, but provide new insights into the transition to symbolic communication in the second year of life, first because of the use of frame analysis and second because of a focus on individual trajectories in development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

居住流动性对心理行为的影响

居住流动性,指某时期个体搬迁的次数或某区域居民搬迁的比率。本文从居住流动性引起社会环境变化入手,综述其心理影响。对儿童/青少年,搬迁中断了成长所需的关键社会环境,影响自我调节、认知能力、情感与群体行为等。对成年人,搬迁使社会环境陌生化、所属群体变换频繁,影响心理健康、人际交往、自我概念和群体认同等。随后,就成年前、后研究的关系、居住流动性对利己行为的影响及国内居住流动性研究的未来方向进行了讨论。     

人格、社会支持和非理性信念对男性戒毒劳教人员药物渴求的影响

对273名男性戒毒劳教人员进行测量,探讨了人格、非理性信念、社会支持3因素对戒毒者药物渴求的影响,并对戒毒劳教人员的药物渴求作了初步预测。结果表明:(1)戒毒劳教人员的人格和非理性信念得分均高于普通人,社会支持得分均低于普通人;(2)对吸毒行为持有的效果期待和自贬依毒的非理性信念,精神质的人格特征以及主观社会支持感对戒毒劳教人员的毒品渴求感存在正向预测作用,解释力为61.9%;(3)结构模型分析发现,人格不能直接影响药物渴求,社会支持和非理性信念对人格起到完全的中介作用,人格、社会支持和非理性信念3因素共同解释男性戒毒劳教人员药物渴求85%的变异。     

内容和形式对毒品成瘾者条件推理的影响

本研究通过比较推理内容与推理形式对毒品成瘾者推理成绩的影响,以探究影响毒品成瘾者能力成绩的主要内在机制。实验采用了2(四卡片形式vs选择项形式)×2(描述性规则vs社会契约规则)混合设计,以240名男性戒毒人员为研究对象,考察他们在不同推理内容与不同推理形式下的条件推理作业成绩。结果发现:(1)就规则内容来看,描述性规则内容在选择项形式上的得分好于四卡片形式,社会契约规则内容在两种呈现形式下的成绩没有显著差异;(2)就规则呈现形式来看,四卡片形式下的描述性规则得分显著地低于社会契约规则得分; 选择项形式下两类规则内容得分无显著差异。结果表明:毒品成瘾者的条件推理行为既受到推理内容的影响,也受到逻辑规则呈现形式的影响。     

The Inter-Life project: researching the potential of art,design and virtual worlds as a vehicle for assisting young people with key life changes and transitions

ABSTRACT

Careers work in the twenty-first century faces a key challenge in terms of digital technologies: to evaluate their potential for careers work in challenging settings. Given the rapidity of developments, technologies require evaluation in research innovations and naturalistic settings. Virtual worlds offer potential for careers and guidance work, and the therapeutic domain. To illustrate this, we present examples in which young people explore their feelings and ideas, plans and difficulties, while preparing for film-making. During this they develop important life transition skills. We argue that the power of virtual worlds – to support emotional and cognitive engagement – could be utilised in practice settings. We conclude that they are serious candidates as digital tools in the careers and guidance domain.