Likeness: A Hidden Ingredient in Family Therapy

The purpose of this paper is to show how one can progress from a validated theoretical model to its practical application in family therapy. The model applied in this case is the Likeness Continuum consisting of six degrees of Likeness: symbiosis, sameness, similarity, differentness, oppositeness, and alienation. A formal Task to evaluate this model in family therapy is attached to provide a basis for the evaluation of this model in the laboratory and in the therapy office.     

The applicability of deadline models: Comment on Glickman,Gray, and Morales (2005)

Glickman, Gray, and Morales (this issue) propose a statistical model for measuring the unobserved latency of stimulus-controlled processes. The model accounts for both speed and accuracy and does so by assuming participants set an internal deadline. If a stimulus-controlled response is not produced by the deadline, the participant then guesses. The applicability the model is discussed in this comment. The deadline model yields specific predictions for the case in which stimulus difficulty is manipulated in a within-block manner. In this case, it is reasonable to assume that stimulus difficulty does not affect the deadline. It is shown that in common perceptual and cognitive domains, extant data do not fully meet these predictions. Hence, practitioners need be aware of the possibility and consequences of model misspecification. This research is supported by NSF grant SES - 0095919 to J. Rouder, D. Sun, and P. Speckman.     

Neuropsychological Assessment of Mental Capacity

The assessment of mental capacity to assist legal determinations of competency is potentially a growth area for neuropsychology, although to date neuropsychologists have published relatively little in this area. In this paper a systematic review of methods used to assess capacity is presented, including coverage of specialized tests and interviews used for this purpose. A neuropsychological model for conducting capacity assessments is proposed. This model involves comprehensive assessment of a wide range of cognitive abilities as well as assessment of specific skills and knowledge related to the type of capacity being assessed. The purpose of proposing this model is to stimulate further discussion and debate about the contribution neuropsychologists might make in this area.     

Persönlichkeitsdiagnostik im DSM-5

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was published in May 2013 and features (in Section III) a new model for the diagnosis of personality disorders. The aim of this paper is to introduce this model to a broader German-speaking readership. The article begins by explaining why a new model seems necessary. Secondly, the different components of the new DSM-5 model are presented, the theoretical and empirical background is explained and it is shown how the model works using a clinical case example. Thirdly, several advantages of the new model as compared to the DSM-IV diagnostic categories (which will be retained in DSM-5 Section II) are discussed. Finally, the article highlights some open questions and problems that require further conceptual and empirical research.     

ANZSJA's Songlines and Haerenga model of training

Part One and Part Two of this article present the Australian and New Zealand Society of Jungian Analysts' 2006 model of training. The authors describe the process and thinking behind ANZSJA's recent revision of training. The influences on the development of analytical psychology and analytic training in ANZSJA are traced in the first paper. The training review undertaken indicated the desire for ANZSJA to continue to train Jungian analysts by exploring new ways of conceptualizing training. The images, metaphors and thinking, which underlie this innovative training model, are explored. The challenge involved in providing and developing training across a large geographic region with widely distributed and slender resources was embraced. ANZSJA have acknowledged the traditional practices of Australian and New Zealand indigenous peoples. The motif of journey and movement is at the core of the ANZJSA model. The ANZJSA training is not held or contained in a building or buildings but rather held at 'meeting sites' across the landscape of these two countries. Accountability and transparency are central to this training model. In Part Two of the article the structure and documentation developed for this model are contextualized, outlined and linked to the ethos underpinning the current thrust of analytical training in Australia and New Zealand. The focus is the practical mechanisms and processes, which we have evolved to deliver our new training model. The process of engaging analysts in the new model is discussed.     

On Maraun's Deconstructing of Factor Indeterminancy with Constructed Factors

The nonlinear random coefficient model has become increasingly popular as a method for describing individual differences in longitudinal research. Although promising, the nonlinear model it is not utilized as often as it might be because software options are still somewhat limited. In this article we show that a specialized version of the model can be fit to data using SEM software. The specialization is to a model in which the parameters that enter the function in a linear manner are random, whereas those that are nonlinear are common to all individuals. Although this kind of function is not as general as is the fully nonlinear model, it still is applicable to many different data sets. Two examples are presented to show how the models can be estimated using popular SEM computer programs.     

Response times seen as decompression times in Boolean concept use

This paper reports a study of a multi-agent model of working memory (WM) in the context of Boolean concept learning. The model aims to assess the compressibility of information processed in WM. Concept complexity is described as a function of communication resources (i.e., the number of agents and the structure of communication between agents) required in WM to learn a target concept. This model has been successfully applied in measuring learning times for three-dimensional (3D) concepts (Mathy and Bradmetz in Curr Psychol Cognit 22(1):41-82, 2004). In this previous study, learning time was found to be a function of compression time. To assess the effect of decompression time, this paper presents an extended intra-conceptual study of response times for two- and 3D concepts. Response times are measured in recognition phases. The model explains why the time required to compress a sample of examples into a rule is directly linked to the time to decompress this rule when categorizing examples. Three experiments were conducted with 65, 49, and 84 undergraduate students who were given Boolean concept learning tasks in two and three dimensions (also called rule-based classification tasks). The results corroborate the metric of decompression given by the multi-agent model, especially when the model is parameterized following static serial processing of information. Also, this static serial model better fits the patterns of response times than an exemplar-based model.     

Leadership Behaviors in Sport: A Theoretical Model and Research Paradigm1

A heuristic model is presented concerning leadership behaviors in youth sports. The cognitive-behavioral model specifies individual difference variables, situational factors, and cognitive processes assumed to mediate overt coaching behaviors and athletes' reactions to them. Initially, the status of leadership research is reviewed, focusing on the potential relevance of behavioral assessment to this area of inquiry. Next, the athletic environment is characterized as a largely untapped naturalistic setting for psychological research, and a rationale is developed for the study of leadership in youth sports. Following this, consideration is given to the basic components of a mediational model of coach-athlete interactions and some preliminary research relative to the model. An expanded model is then presented, along with suggestions and hypotheses for future research. Finally, the sport-specific model and associated research is related to the larger context of theoretical advances and empirical work in the area of leadership.     

A mathematical model for paced serial addition

The paced serial addition task is reminiscent of a series of tasks studied in the later 1950s which were concerned with recall under conditions of pacing. The information processing operations in this task are completed in about a second and the paradigm allows a large amount of data to be collected in a short time. Group performance shows a primacy effect lasting a few seconds followed by a steady state. In this paper, a model is developed for steady-state performance consisting of continuous time and discrete components that generalize to a semi-Markov model. The model accounts for results from the two experiments presented and deviations of the model from the data point out distinct strategies being employed by the subject. The components of the model have direct psychological interpretation and allow many of the processes underlying performance to be specified.     

Toward an integrative model for cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy

The purpose of this article is to present an integrative model of cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy. Illustrated by a series of critical incidents, it is argued that unidimensional models of cross-cultural counseling and psychotherapy are inherently limited. Using Kluckhohn and Murray's tripartite model of personality, an integrative, sequential, and dynamic model of cross-cultural counseling is advanced. Support for the validity of the Kluckhohn and Murray model is first reviewed. This is followed by a delineation of the components of the current integrative model: (a) Outgroup homogeneity effect, (b) Cultural schema theory, (c) Complimentarity theory, (d) Science of complexity, and (e) Mindfulness. The operation of this model is described in a series of figures and the implications for counseling practice and future research is discussed.     

关于学习环模式的研究综述

学习环模式是一种有效的科学学习与教学模式。西方科学教育工作者对此做了大量研究,取得了丰硕成果。本文综述了学习环模式的理论基础、基本结构与发展。这一模式对于我国当前中小学科学课程设计和探究性学习的开展有一定的借鉴意义。     

A multiple-observations model for response latency and the latencies of correct and incorrect responses in recognition memory

A model for response latency in recognition memory is described which is a strength model incorporating the notion of multiple observations and with the additional assumptions that the variance of the strength distributions increase with set size and that the observer attempts to keep his error rate at a constant level over set size. It is shown that the model can, without recourse to particular parameter values, predict a near linear RT set-size function and, since it is a (TSD) model in its decision aspects, can account for errors and hence error latencies in the recognition task. After the model is described, two experiments are performed which test the prediction that correct mean latency is generally shorter than incorrect mean latency. The prediction is confirmed and this feature is discussed in general, the model being compared with that of Juola, Fischler, Wood, and Atkinson (1971) in this respect. Some possible modifications to the latter model are also considered.     

A realistic perspective on pattern representation in growth data: comment on Bauer and Curran (2003)

D. J. Bauer and P. J. Curran (2003) cautioned that results obtained from growth mixture models may sometimes be inaccurate. The problem they addressed occurs when a growth mixture model is applied to a single, general population of individuals but findings incorrectly support the conclusion that there are 2 subpopulations. In an artificial sampling experiment, they showed that this can occur when the variables in the population have a nonnormal distribution. A realistic perspective is that although a healthy skepticism to complex statistical results is appropriate, there are no true models to discover. Consequently, the issue of model misspecification is irrelevant in practical terms. The purpose of a mathematical model is to summarize data, to formalize the dynamics of a behavioral process, and to make predictions. All of this is scientifically valuable and can be accomplished with a carefully developed model, even though the model is false.     

On Insensitivity of the Chi-Square Model Test to Nonlinear Misspecification in Structural Equation Models

In this paper, we show that for some structural equation models (SEM), the classical chi-square goodness-of-fit test is unable to detect the presence of nonlinear terms in the model. As an example, we consider a regression model with latent variables and interactions terms. Not only the model test has zero power against that type of misspecifications, but even the theoretical (chi-square) distribution of the test is not distorted when severe interaction term misspecification is present in the postulated model. We explain this phenomenon by exploiting results on asymptotic robustness in structural equation models. The importance of this paper is to warn against the conclusion that if a proposed linear model fits the data well according to the chi-quare goodness-of-fit test, then the underlying model is linear indeed; it will be shown that the underlying model may, in fact, be severely nonlinear. In addition, the present paper shows that such insensitivity to nonlinear terms is only a particular instance of a more general problem, namely, the incapacity of the classical chi-square goodness-of-fit test to detect deviations from zero correlation among exogenous regressors (either being them observable, or latent) when the structural part of the model is just saturated.     

Model Predictive Impedance Control: A Model for Joint Movement

Impedance control has been suggested as the strategy employed by the central nervous system to control human postures and movements. A realization of this strategy is presented that uses a model predictive control algorithm as a higher motor controller. External disturbances are explicitly included in the model. The combination of 3 key factors-joint impedance control, model predictive controller, and external disturbance input-forms the basis for the generality of this model. The model was applied to 3 different types of joint movements: a tracking movement with an unpredicted disturbance, a rhythmic movement, and an unstable biped model of human walking. Computer simulation results showed excellent performance of the model in all 3 cases for optimal values of active joint impedances and an exact match between the musculoskeletal system and the model internal to the model predictive controller. The controller was also able to maintain acceptable performance in the presence of a 25% mismatch between the musculoskeletal system and its internal model.     

Self-schemata,social roles,and a self-worth contingency model of depression

Research in social cognition suggests that the self can be conceptualized as a cognitive schema that is involved in the encoding, organization, and retrieval of personally meaningful information. The application of this self-schema model to depression is presented here, along with an emphasis on self-schema distinctions at various levels of depression. Also considered is the nature of the self-schema in individuals proposed to be cognitively vulnerable to depression. Following this, it is argued that the self-schema model of depression would benefit from the inclusion of social roles as an explicit and fundamental aspect of self. Accordingly, the literature implicating role loss and role strain with the onset of depression is integrated with the self-schema model. This integration is considered further in terms of a self-worth contingency model of depression. In this contingency model it is proposed that a cognitive vulnerability to depression may be manifested in certain individuals as a propensity to evaluate self-schema role performance according to excessively rigid and perfectionistic criteria. Thus, depressive symptoms may be viewed as a result of diminished self-worth, stemming from either actual or perceived self-schema role disruptions. Further theoretical and empirical implications of this model are then considered.This research was supported, in part, by an MRC Doctoral Fellowship to the first author and an SSHRC Leave Fellowship to the second author.     

Direct parameter estimation for generalised balanced power diagrams

The statistical characterisation and synthetic reproduction of a polycrystalline material's microstructure is assisted by mathematically representing its morphology by a tessellation model. The generalised balanced power diagram (GBPD) is a tessellation model that was shown in previous studies to accurately reproduce the microstructure morphology of various materials by closely matching micrographs obtained through electron microscopy. These studies employed costly optimisation procedures to determine the best-fit model parameters, limiting the scalability of the model. In this work, it is shown that setting the tessellation cell parameters to values such that the shape moments of the corresponding grains are matched results in a quality of fit that is commensurate with optimisation procedures. This fitting approach decouples the interaction among grains when fitting the tessellation parameters and, most notably, provides analytical, closed-form expressions for all the model parameters. The performance of this parameter fitting approach is demonstrated on multiple micrographs of various materials, and it compares similarly to the performance of optimisation procedures reported in recently published literature. As the fitted parameter values are obtained through trivial computations, this approach enables extensive scalability of the GBPD model such that it can be used to represent extremely large characterisation data sets.     

Inductive inference or inductive behavior: Fisher and Neyman-Pearson approaches to statistical testing in psychological research (1940-1960)

The application of statistical testing in psychological research over the period of 1940-1960 is examined in order to address psychologists' reconciliation of the extant controversy between the Fisher and Neyman-Pearson approaches. Textbooks of psychological statistics and the psychological journal literature are reviewed to examine the presence of what Gigerenzer (1993) called a hybrid model of statistical testing. Such a model is present in the textbooks, although the mathematically incomplete character of this model precludes the appearance of a similarly hybridized approach to statistical testing in the research literature. The implications of this hybrid model for psychological research and the statistical testing controversy are discussed.     

Les principes d’une prévention de la récidive efficace : le modèle Risque-Besoins-Réceptivité

Recidivism prevention remains a crucial issue in France. While meta-analyses clearly indicated the effectiveness of the Risk-Need-Responsivity (R-N-R) model for assessment and rehabilitation, this model is not used in French probation services. The aim of this article is to introduce the R-N-R model, through an emphasis on its three main principles. A necessary continuity from assessment to intervention is highlighted. The article concludes by stressing the need to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of intervention to prevent recidivism.