幼儿分类能力发展研究综述

该从3个方面回顾幼儿分类能力的发展研究的不同成果,即分类标准的稳定性、分类标准的性质和类别的等级特性,分析了众多结论之间差异的产生原因,认为研究方法及对同一问题的研究维度的差异是造成很多同类研究的结论不同的重要原因。     

儿童分类发展研究综述

分类研究是认知发展研究的一个重要领域。人类的分类能力是神奇的,我们所面对的世界如此千变万化,有数不清的事物和物体,每个人的经验又是如此的独特,但人们对于事物的分类是如此的一致。以至于很少有人做出错误的分类。例如,很少有人把马看成植物,把汽车当成动物,也很少有人会认为玩具熊具有跳动的心脏。我们对于这种能力的许多     

类别学习中的分类和推理

该文介绍了类别学习中的分类和推理两种任务,并从学习的条件、过程、结果和发展等方面的归纳了当前研究的最新进展。表明了类别的分类学习和推理学习有相同的形式,但学习的信息处理过程和学习的结果不同。分类学习关注类别间的区分性信息,更可能是样例学习结果;推理学习更为关注单个类别内部的共同性信息,更可能是原型学习结果。这方面的结论强化了基于解释的观点。     

儿童早期分类与基于类别的归纳的一致性

传统的观点认为,儿童早期的分类是基于类别的归纳的基础。根据这种观点,儿童早期的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的。该研究在不同材料条件下测试了4岁儿童面临知觉相似和概念冲突时的自由分类与归纳推理的一致性。研究结果显示,在照片条件下,4岁儿童的自由分类和基于类别的归纳是不一致的,儿童的分类主要是基于知觉相似的,而基于类别的归纳主要是基于概念的;在线条画条件下,儿童的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的,都主要是基于知觉相似的。这些结果显示,儿童早期的分类和基于类别的关系是复杂的。     

创造能力不同学生的分类加工过程差异的眼动特点

在分类理论观的基础上, 本研究在目标匹配范式下, 使用可以表示一定概念的现实物体或场景的图片材料, 通过眼动记录法对分类加工过程的分离, 考察了40名创造能力不同的中学生分类加工过程的差异。结果表明, 在首次加工阶段, 创造能力高和低的被试均先对目标类别概念进行加工, 然后再对选项区的待分类概念进行加工。创造能力高的被试更多地使用概括性的加工策略完成任务并表现出加工的有效性, 创造能力低的被试更多地使用比较性的加工策略表现出加工的无效性。在再加工阶段, 高和低创造能力的被试将加工的重点放在待分类概念上。创造能力低的被试通过概括和比较的策略完成任务。     

两种学习模式下类别学习的结果：原型和样例

利用“学习－迁移”的任务范式和单一特征类别判断技术,探讨了分类和推理两种类别学习模式的结果,比较了两种学习模式的效果和策略。研究表明：两种学习模式产生了不同的结果,分类学习的结果是样例,推理学习的结果是原型;在学习效果方面,分类学习比推理学习在达标比例上更高,但在进度上差异不显著;在策略运用方面,分类学习比推理学习更快地使用单维度策略,而在高水平策略的运用上,两者差异不显著     

抑郁症的概念及分类研究历史

目前临床对抑郁症的诊断仍普遍存在概念不清的现象,甚至抑郁症的诊断有逐渐被泛化的倾向,本文从抑郁症研究历史的角度,通过对抑郁症的概念及分类历史进行回顾,以期能廓清抑郁症相关的一些概念,从而为进一步统一标准、细化抑郁症的研究提供一些启示.     

类别特征推理的认知机制与神经基础

分类及类别特征推理是类别知识的两大重要功能。研究表明, 两种任务之间存在本质差异。因此, 探讨类别特征推理的认知及神经机制对于拓展类别相关理论非常重要。已有研究发现, 类别标签、典型性程度以及类别特征间的因果关系都会影响类别特征推理任务, 而且, 类别特征推理任务与分类任务的神经基础不同。未来研究方向应当关注类别标签以及类别特征间的因果关系分别与典型性程度之间的交互作用, 在未来神经机制方面的进一步研究应当设计更符合自然情境下的特征推理任务范式。     

幼儿非形式推理能力的发生与发展

针对在儿童非形式推理能力发生研究中评价标准不一和研究结果中发生年龄不同的问题,在论证并提出幼儿非形式推理发生评价标准的基础上,采用提示访谈法对333名3-6岁幼儿的非形式推理做了考察。结果显示:幼儿的我方推理普遍在3岁3个月～3岁9个月发生;他方推理普遍在4岁～4岁6个月发生;反驳推理普遍在4岁9个月～6岁发生。幼儿在推理过程中提出的理由数量随年龄的增长而增多,年龄差异显著,但无显著性别差异。研究中建立的评价指标体系可以有效测量幼儿非形式推理的发生和发展。     

青少年分类能力发展特点的眼动研究

在目标匹配范式下,使用表示现实生活中的物体和场景关系的手绘黑白图片材料,通过眼动记录法考察了136名中学生和大学生分类加工过程的发展特点。结果表明,青少年分类能力发展存在显著的年级效应。不论是从分类结果还是从分类加工过程中看,青少年分类概括的能力并没有进入了平稳发展的阶段而是随着年级的升高而增长。高中阶段为分类能力发展的过渡阶段。     

Reasoning Ability in Young Children

The astrological assumption of personality differences among individuals born under different sun signs was investigated. Significant differences were obtained between sun sign groups on four of the 18 scales of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) as follows: Communality, Socialization, Flexibility, and Femininity. The overall pattern of results based on F ratios, multiple comparisons between means, and estimates of strength of association was interpreted as showing no meaningful relationships between sun sign and scores on Communality, Socialization, and Flexibility. Adopting even the most conservative standards of inference, however, all of the test statistics employed indicated a powerful effect on the Femininity scale. Implications for future research were discussed.     

Development of Mentalizing Ability in Japanese Children

This longitudinal study examined the early development of mentalizing ability in 33 Japanese children, who were between 33 and 39 months old. Their mentalizing ability was assessed using the following tasks: 1) gaze-direction, 2) point-direction, 3) desire-emotion, 4) emotion-situation, and 5) divergent beliefs, at two time-points with a 6-month interval. The children’s performance improved significantly over 6 months for all tasks except divergent beliefs. Although an increasing proportion of the children achieved the criterion for the divergent beliefs task, only two thirds met this criterion at Time 2. The children’s performances did not differ from their western counterparts as reported in previous studies. The mentalizing abilities, except for the emotion-situation task measured at Time 1, correlated significantly with one another and predicted the emotion-situation task performance at Time 2. The findings on the development of mentalizing ability in Japanese children are discussed in light of cross-cultural perspectives.     

The Development of Transitivity of Length in Young Children

This research examined whether developmental changes occur in young children's abilities to learn transitive information. Children 4 years 6 months to 5 years 6 months and 6 to 7 years were asked to learn a series, A > B > C, or a nonseries, A > B, C > D. Younger children took longer to learn the series than the nonseries. Children learning the series correctly answered the inference question, but could not distinguish between situations in which it was possible or impossible to make inferences. The results suggest that there are developmental changes in transitivity abilities and that transitivity is a concept that emerges gradually.     

The Development of Aggressive Mental Models in Young Children

This study was undertaken to examine why a previous study revealed that children inaccurately recalled “seeing” violence in a nonviolent cartoon clip. We used a 2 (still photo vs. video clip) × 2 (action hero vs. neutral character) repeated measure experimental design and showed preschoolers (33–60 months) two photos and two video clips. Children were asked to tell a story about what might happen next. In addition, parents filled out a brief questionnaire. Results indicate that first, children whose parents reported that they had never been exposed to violent cartoons gave fewer aggressive responses than those who had seen one. Second, character type appears to have a greater effect on children's aggressive mental models than the narrative does. Overall, the effect of stereotypical action characters (as compared to neutral characters) is greater than it is for the video clip versus still-photo manipulation. Third, older children provided more aggressive story endings to the action character in the video sequence compared to younger children who saw the neutral character in the still photo or the neutral character in the video sequence. In sum, a single exposure to action cartoons may help very young children establish mental models for aggression. Second, both older and younger children are influenced by action cartoons, but older children are better able to incorporate story information whereas younger children focus on character appearance. Results are discussed in terms of mental models and child development.     

Theory of Mind in Infants and Young Children: A Review

Theory of mind, or mindreading, refers to our uniquely human capacity to infer what is in other people's minds. Recent research suggests that “implicit” elements of this ability can be seen as early as the second year of life, in infants’ spontaneous helping, communicative, and eye‐gaze behaviours. More “explicit” verbally mediated mindreading skills emerge in the preschool period, and these are positively linked to social competence. Research with typically developing children as well as those with autism spectrum disorders suggests that exposure to conversation about mental states promotes theory of mind development.     

3-6岁儿童数量估算能力发展的研究

随机选取180名3-6岁儿童为被试,采用个别测查考查其数量估算能力.结果显示:(1)3-6岁儿童具备数量估算能力,但合理估算水平较低;(2)3-4岁儿童的估算多处于"大胆猜测"阶段,4-5岁儿童能有依据地估猜;(3)3-6岁儿童的估算水平受所估算数量大小影响较大;(4)3-6岁儿童的数量估算能力在有、无参照情况下均有显著年龄差异,无性别差异.     

儿童青少年协作促进的发展

旨在考察不同年龄的个体, 在不同回忆序列和学习材料上协作促进的发展情况。采用3(回忆序列:协作—个人—个人〔CII〕、个人—协作—个人〔ICI〕、个人—个人—个人〔III〕)× 5(年龄:9、11、14、17、20)× 2(材料:图片、文字)的被试间设计。结果发现:(1)各年龄个体在CII和ICI两种回忆序列上均出现了协作促进, 且两种序列条件下被试的最终个人回忆成绩无差异;(2)另外, 17岁个体的协作促进量显著高于9岁、11岁、14岁和20岁, 其他各年龄之间无差异;(3)图片和文字的协作促进量无差异。这说明小组协作回忆的顺序对协作促进没有太大影响, 17岁个体协作促进的效果最好。