拖延刺激对注意偏向的影响及过程

研究是考察拖延个体对拖延相关信息的注意偏向及特点。实验1采用情绪Stroop范式,要求被试忽略刺激的语义,仅判断刺激的颜色。实验2采用修改后的点探测范式,以拖延词和中性词为线索,并操作线索和目标之间的时间间隔,被试的任务是判断目标刺激的位置。结果发现:高拖延的被试难以抵制拖延词的注意,在情绪Stroop任务中对拖延词的反应时间更长; 当拖延词和目标刺激的位置一致时,在短的线索—目标时间间隔(SOA)内,被试对目标刺激的反应时间更长,但当时间间隔长时,一致条件下的反应时更短。该研究表明,高拖延行为个体在有限的时间内难以抵制拖延信息的注意,对拖延刺激存在注意偏向。     

大学生学业拖延现状及其与人格的相关研究

目的探讨大学生学业拖延的现状,学业拖延与人格的关系。方法采用学业拖延量表和大五人格特质量表对688名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①大学生总体学业拖延程度不高,平均分为29.71。②性别在总体学业拖延(t=0.917,P0.05)和改变拖延的愿望(t=-4.992,P0.001)上存在显著差异;专业在总体学业拖延(t=2.135,P0.05)和学业任务拖延(t=-1.957,P0.05)上存在显著差异;年级在总体学业拖延及各部分拖延均存在显著差异。③责任感和神经质对学业拖延具有显著的预测作用。结论大学生总体学业拖延程度不高,责任感越高学业拖延程度越低,神经质越高学业拖延程度越高。     

社交焦虑个体对于不同威胁信息的注意偏向

目的:研究社交焦虑个体对不同类型词语的注意偏向。方法:被试41名,采用情绪Stroop范式,研究词与非词不同比例条件下高低社交焦虑个体对不同类型词(被关注词、被评价词、躯体威胁性词、中性词和非词)的注意偏向。结果:在词和非词比例高的条件下,高社交焦虑组在负性评价词和受他人关注词上的Stroop效应显著大于低社交焦虑组。结论:高社交焦虑个体对负性评价和他人关注的词语存在注意偏向。     

大学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系研究

选取石家庄市两所大学244名大学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨大学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明:1.大学生主观幸福感状况良好;大学生主观幸福感的性别差异和城乡差异不显著。2.大学生的人格状况处于健康水平;大学生大五人格的性别差异和城乡差异不显著。3.农村被试的和善性与主观幸福感的精力、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制、松弛和紧张四个维度存在显著相关;城市被试的对生活的满意和兴趣与大五人格的除和善性以外的四个维度存在显著相关;总体上来说外向性、和善性和严谨自律性与主观幸福感存在显著正相关,神经质维度与主观幸福感存在显著的负相关。4.和善性、外向性和神经质是主观幸福感主要而稳定的预测因素,其中神经质对主观幸福感有显著的负向预测作用,外向性和和善性对主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用。     

青少年社会适应行为与大五人格的关系

以广州市556名中学生为被试,采用自编<青少年社会适应行为量表>和<大五人格简式量表(NEO-FFI)>,探讨青少年社会适应行为与大五人格之间的关系.结果发现:(1)青少年社会适应行为的总体水平比较好.(2)青少年在良好社会适应行为总均分上不存在性别和年级上的差异,在不良社会适应行为总均分上存在显著的性别差异和年级差异.女生得分显著高于男生,高一学生得分显著高于初二.但二者的交互作用不显著.(3)严谨性、外倾性、宜人性、开放性与大部分良好社会适应行为存在显著正相关,神经质与大部分良好社会适应行为存在显著负相关;严谨性、外倾性、宜人性与不良社会适应行为存在显著负相关,神经质与不良社会适应行为存在显著正相关,开放性与不良社会适应行为相关不显著.(4)进入每个预测良好社会适应行为回归方程的人格维度分别为2-4个,能够解释5.1%-40.5%的变异,严谨性是主要和稳定的预测因素.(5)进入每个预测不良社会适应行为回归方程的人格维度分别为2-3个.能够解释9.3%-16.1%的变异,严谨性、宜人性是主要和稳定的预测因素.     

高低拖延者的冲动性特征与延迟折扣差异研究

拖延是一种复杂而常见的心理行为现象.研究结合国外拖延心理研究的新趋势,以拖延者是否具有冲动性人格与行为特征为切人点,采用人格问卷与行为实验相结合方式,综合测量了拖延者的冲动性特质与延迟折扣程度.结果发现:(1)拖延与冲动性具有显著正相关,高拖延者具有较高无计划冲动性、注意力冲动性和运动冲动性;(2)高、低拖延者在延迟折扣率上无显著差异,但在多数实验条件下,高拖延者比低拖延者具有更高延迟折扣程度.研究对理解拖延行为产生原因和制定拖延行为干预措施具有重要价值.     

大学生主观幸福感与人格特征及情绪觉察能力关系的研究

为了研究大学生的主观幸福感与人格特征及情绪觉察能力的关系,采用总体幸福感量表、情绪调查问卷以及大五人格问卷,对南京市五所高校的277名大学生进行调研。结果发现:(1)大学生总体幸福感高于全国常模;(2)女生的情绪觉察能力显著高于男生;(3)神经质与主观幸福感呈负相关,外倾性、宜人性、严谨性与主观幸福感呈正相关;(4)人格五因子中的开放性与觉察他人及觉察总分存在正相关;(5)神经质、宜人性、严谨性、年级、专业、是否担任学生干部对大学生主观幸福感有显著的预测效果。因此,我们要综合考虑主观和客观因素,以提升大学生主观幸福感。     

青少年人格、人口学变量与主观幸福感的关系模型

采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取了379名中学生和大学生样本,在多元相关分析的基础上,结合文献分析,采用结构方程建模技术,探讨了我国青少年学生人口学变量、人格维度和主观幸福感(SWB)的结构关系。结果表明,人口学变量中的年级和经济状况变量既与SWB有直接的关系,又通过大五人格中的神经质维度或外倾性维度对SWB有间接的效应,其中,经济状况对主观幸福感的正面效应较大,而性别和城乡变量则仅通过神经质和外倾性对SWB有微弱的间接效应;大五人格维度中,宜人性与SWB没有显著关系,开放性和严谨性通过神经质或外倾性与SWB存在间接效应,神经质和外倾性则对SWB有较强的直接预测力;结构方程模型验证了人格、人口学变量与SWB的这种关系。     

“大五”人格、依恋与青少年孤独感的关系研究

采用大五人格简式量表、亲子依恋和同伴依恋简表以及青少年孤独感量表调查458名高中生,探索"大五"人格、依恋和青少年孤独感的关系。结果表明:"大五"人格与青少年孤独感关系紧密,神经质与青少年孤独感呈显著正相关,其它人格维度与孤独感呈显著负相关,外向性、宜人性和神经质是孤独感的有力预测变量;"大五"人格也是青少年依恋关系的重要影响因素,责任性、神经质和宜人性是亲子依恋的有力预测因素,而外向性、宜人性和神经质是同伴依恋的有力预测因素;亲子依恋和同伴依恋均显著负向预测青少年孤独感,且同伴依恋的预测效力更强;在不同人格维度与青少年孤独感之间,亲子依恋和同伴依恋的总体中介效应不同,而在同一人格维度与青少年孤独感之间,同伴依恋的中介效应显著高于亲子依恋的中介效应。     

与笑有关的三种个体差异和“大五”的关系研究

被笑恐惧、被笑愉悦和笑他愉悦是三种不同的个体差异。被笑恐惧指个体在害怕被嘲笑而产生的恐惧上的差异,被笑愉悦指个体由于被别人嘲笑而产生的愉悦上的差异,笑他愉悦指个体因嘲笑他人而产生的愉悦上的差异。本研究采用问卷法以“大五”人格问卷（简式中国版）、PhoPhikat（修订中文版）为测量工具对武汉市4所高校的200名大学生进行调查以考察大学生与笑有关的三种个体差异与其与“大五”人格特征的关系。差异分析表明（1）被笑恐惧,被笑愉悦不存在显著的性别差异,笑他愉悦存在显著的性别差异（2）被笑恐惧与“大五”人格中神经质性存在显著正相关,与外倾性,友善性,严谨性存在显著负相关（3）笑他愉悦与“大五”人格中神经质性和友善性存在显著正相关。     

The Unintentional Procrastination Scale

Procrastination refers to the delay or postponement of a task or decision and is often conceptualised as a failure of self-regulation. Recent research has suggested that procrastination could be delineated into two domains: intentional and unintentional. In this two-study paper, we aimed to develop a measure of unintentional procrastination (named the Unintentional Procrastination Scale or the ‘UPS’) and test whether this would be a stronger marker of psychopathology than intentional and general procrastination. In Study 1, a community sample of 139 participants completed a questionnaire that consisted of several items pertaining to unintentional procrastination that had been derived from theory, previous research, and clinical experience. Responses were subjected to a principle components analysis and assessment of internal consistency. In Study 2, a community sample of 155 participants completed the newly developed scale, along with measures of general and intentional procrastination, metacognitions about procrastination, and negative affect. Data from the UPS were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and revised accordingly. The UPS was then validated using correlation and regression analyses. The six-item UPS possesses construct and divergent validity and good internal consistency. The UPS appears to be a stronger marker of psychopathology than the pre-existing measures of procrastination used in this study. Results from the regression models suggest that both negative affect and metacognitions about procrastination differentiate between general, intentional, and unintentional procrastination. The UPS is brief, has good psychometric properties, and has strong associations with negative affect, suggesting it has value as a research and clinical tool.     

拖延的决策模型

拖延是指尽管预见到该行为会带来不利后果,人们仍自愿推迟开始或完成某一计划好的行为。先前的研究对拖延的类型、影响因素、成因以及干预等方面进行了广泛的探讨,然而拖延的决策过程——"现在做还是以后做?"认知机制还非常不清楚。因此,本文提出拖延决策模型试图从三方面阐明"现在做还是以后做?"的决策机制:首先,拖延动机和不拖延动机的斗争是决定是否拖延的根本;其次,拖延动机的斗争可以进一步简化为任务负性过程和任务正性结果的权衡;最后,主动推迟任务使负性过程发生延迟折扣是拖延的核心目的。拖延决策模型不仅有助于探明拖延的核心认知机制,也能够帮助预测拖延行为的发生及解释各种影响因素的作用机制,因此未来的研究可以借此整合一个从拖延的核心发生机制到各种影响因素的理论系统。     

Procrastination, busyness and bingeing

The first inquiry employed repeated surveys and direct observations of procrastinators to question two traditional assumptions about procrastinators—that they are reliable reporters of how they spend workweeks, and that they are not easily observed in the act of procrastinating. The second inquiry tested an intervention for procrastination (helping new faculty find brief, daily sessions in which to write) that proved effective and relatively unaversive. The effectiveness of the intervention helped to confirm the notion that procrastination of a relatively unstructured activity like scholarly writing has at least two central components, bingeing and busyness.     

Procrastination Revisited: A Commentary

This commentary connects two studies of academic procrastination, Beswick, Rothblum and Mann (1988), which studied the antecedents of academic procrastination, and Steel (2016), which focuses on the personality correlates of academic procrastination. The author identifies reasons for growth in the field of procrastination research, discusses definitions of procrastination, and then comments on the two studies of academic procrastination identified above. In assessing current status and future directions in the field of procrastination research, the author discusses the relationship between and measurement of behavioural and decisional procrastination, the domain specificity or domain generality of procrastination, and the need for the field to move beyond studies of academic procrastination into other domains such as illness and health where procrastination is a major problem, then ends with a comment on cross‐cultural differences in procrastination and a summary conclusion about the field.     

Procrastination at work and time management training

The author examined the impact of time management training on self-reported procrastination. In an intervention study, 37 employees attended a 1 1/2-day time management training seminar. A control group of employees (n = 14) who were awaiting training also participated in the study to control for expectancy effects. One month after undergoing time management training, trainees reported a significant decrease in avoidance behavior and worry and an increase in their ability to manage time. The results suggest that time management training is helpful in lessening worry and procrastination at work.     

Procrastination: Self-regulation in Initiating Aversive Goals

Procrastination is a common phenomenon that is easily recognised as one of the behaviours involved in not doing and avoiding work. However, work motivation theories have not devoted much attention to why people don't do things at work. Just as the study of abnormal behaviour is used to understand normal behaviour, so can the study of procrastination enhance the understanding of self-regulation. In this paper, procrastination is defined as the avoidance of the implementation of an intention. It is characterised by the avoidance of the intention and the preference for behaviour or thoughts that distract from the aversiveness of the intention. Individual difference variables, processes, and conditions are identified. Strategies to overcome procrastination are suggested.     

Procrastination: Different time orientations reflect different motives

Because procrastination concerns a person’s ability to meet deadlines, temporal dimension is clearly important to this personality construct. In the present study, the characteristic profile of arousal and avoidant motives of procrastinators were related to past, present, and future time conceptions. Participants (140 women, 135 men; mean age = 49.4, SD = 5.55) completed measures of arousal and avoidance procrastination, and time orientation. Results indicated that avoidant procrastination was associated negatively with present-fatalistic time orientation, and arousal procrastination was associated positively with present-hedonist and negatively with future time orientations. The variance accounted for by time orientations was modest, yet provides further evidence that there are distinct motives for chronic procrastination.