高龄患者心脏手术围术期处理要点

随着高龄心脏病患者日益增多,不断总结高龄患者心脏手术围术期处理经验,是我国心脏外科的一个重要课题.虽然,高龄患者心脏手术非致命性并发症发生率、住院时间长、手术死亡率高,但手术后将近2/3的患者生存超过5个年头,完全摆脱了心脏疾病的症状,没有了心脏疾患的束缚和限制,享受着手术后的独立的舒适生活.高龄患者进行心脏手术是可行的,也是必要的.重要的是及时和有效地处理高龄患者围手术期出现的并发症,这是提高手术成功率的重要环节.     

超高龄患者外科手术治疗的思考

80岁以上需要手术的超高龄患者日益增多,但他们合并症多,手术风险大,手术后易发生并发症。做好围手术期的处理及选择简单、有效的手术方式是保证患者生命安全的重要因素。超高龄患者虽然有权利决定是否接受手术,但主要的决定权是由家属掌握。因此,医生与家属的充分沟通也非常重要。     

超高龄患者外科手术治疗的思考

80岁以上需要手术的超高龄患者日益增多,但他们合并症多,手术风险大,手术后易发生并发症.做好围手术期的处理及选择简单、有效的手术方式是保证患者生命安全的重要因素.超高龄患者虽然有权利决定是否接受手术,但主要的决定权是由家属掌握.因此,医生与家属的充分沟通也非常重要.     

导言：围手术期特殊情况的处理

围手术期的情况决定了患者的安全、手术效果,日后的生活质量及预后等。手术医生注重手术的顺顺利利,达到手术期望的效果;麻醉医生注重手术过程的顺利和安全;患者、家属注重手术效果、日后长期的生活质量。对于年轻患者、单一病变,外科、妇科等手术科室医生常常能够做到手到病除,彻底治愈疾病。但是面对人们的寿命不断延长,高龄患者的日益增...     

良性前列腺增生手术适应证探讨与方法的选择

良性前列腺增生（benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH）是中老年患者的常见疾病,生活水平提高和寿命延长使得患者数量在逐年增加。电切镜的应用使下尿路疾病尤其是前列腺增生症的治疗发生了根本性的改变,新的治疗方法近年发展较快,并在BPH治疗过程中得到了广泛运用。前列腺增生症患者症状和程度各不相同,并且高龄高危患者居多,其手术适应证需要进一步探讨。开放前列腺切除术、经尿道前列腺电切术、经尿道前列腺汽化电切术、经尿道等离子前列腺电切术是目前常用的治疗方法,经尿道激光治疗、腹腔镜手术近几年开始尝试,初步应用证实其应用得当是有效、微创、并发症少的治疗方法,因此发展迅速。微波、超声消融、支架植入治疗目前较少应用,但有其适应证,尚不能替代经尿道前列腺电切术,可作为对症辅助治疗或适用于无法耐受手术者。结合国内外BPH诊治指南提出的手术适应证,查阅近年国内外发表相关文献,对于指南在实际应用和执行中遇到的问题与解决办法进行探讨。对各种外科手术的临床疗效予以对比和总结,探讨良性前列腺增生症外科治疗的临床决策问题。     

预防心脏术后粘连认识过程的启示

随着心脏直视手术的普遍开展和再次手术的与日俱增，人们注意到，心脏再次手术比第一次手术的死亡率及并发症明显增加，其原因除心功能及一般情况较差外，心脏与胸骨、纵隔粘连，心包腔粘连，增加了手术难度，易发生突发、难于控制的出血，延长手术时间也是重要原因之一［１］。因此，如何防止心包粘连引起人们的极大关注。一般认为，第一次手术时缝闭心包腔能避免心脏直接与胸骨背面或纵隔组织粘连，也能减少心包腔的粘连。Ｃｌｉｆｆ等在实验中观察到，促使心包粘连的最主要因素是心包的损伤加之心包内积血，只有损伤心包浆膜层，同时心包…     

感恩的心

我在1999年突患癌症住院、手术。让我万万没想到的是在我手术后第八天,老伴因经不起打击而突发脑出血昏迷抢救无效而离世。这对我的打击实在太大了,我真的精神和身体全部崩溃了——     

超滤在小儿体外循环心脏手术中应用的临床决策

体外循环(CPB)技术的运用,使心脏直视手术的安全开展成为可能,但是体外循环可造成患者心肺功能的损伤,这种表现对心肺尚未发育成熟的婴幼儿的影响尤为严重。超滤已经成为低体重和危重患儿体外循环心脏手术中的一项重要技术,对患儿术后心肺功能的改善起着重要的作用。不同的超滤技术有各自的优缺点,需要我们在临床工作中合理应用。     

伏隔核毁损术治疗药物依赖性脑病术后复吸原因分析

回顾性调查手术后观察期2年以上的复吸患者43例,调查伏隔核毁损术后患者复吸原因,评价手术戒毒疗效。结果显示,除失随访9例,主要复吸原因为接触与吸食毒品相关的情境（28例,占82．4％）和生活负性事件的应激反应（6例,占17．6％）;手术后的操守时间明显长于以往保守治疗后的操守时间;手术后每日吸食毒品量明显少于以往保守治疗后的吸食量;以手术组为研究对象,对操守时间及每日复吸量按复吸原因分组进行成组t检验均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。上述结果表明,手术戒毒疗效确切,术后操守时间长,复吸后每日吸食毒品量明显减少,对毒品的心理渴求感降低。     

心肌保护技术研究中的历史及启示

心肌保护技术研究中的历史及启示第四军医大学９７级研究生（西安７１００３２）李宏导师易定华心肌保护是心脏手术的基础：只有心肌组织在手术期间得到了良好的保护,手术矫治心脏疾病才有意义,术后良好的心功能才有保障,病人才能得以顺利康复。而回顾心肌保护技术的发...     

老年甲状腺结节的诊治经验

介绍笔者及科室老年甲状腺结节的诊治经验,对2003年1月至2009年12月期间共收治的144例年龄大于60岁的老年甲状腺结节患者进行分析和总结。老年甲状腺结节以多发为主;压迫症状、异物和不适感、继发性甲状腺功能亢进是老年甲状腺结节患者主要的手术指证;术中发现喉返神经和甲状旁腺有脂肪沉着;病理方面良性结节的钙化率较高;患者术后切口水肿比较明显;暂时性低钙血症的发生率较高;虽然术前麻醉ASA评分较低,但术后心肺并发症的发生率并未上升。老年甲状腺结节患者以全麻为宜,最好采用双甲近全切除术,这不仅可避免术后复发和再次手术率,更可减少甲状腺素制剂的用量,减少药物副作用。     

Depression Screening,Assessment, and Treatment for Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Review for Psychologists

Depression prevalence is between 15% and 20% in coronary heart disease patients, such as those with angina, or after a myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The presence of depression places a coronary heart disease patient at twofold higher risk for further major cardiac events and death, as well as poor quality of life and early exit from the labour force. As a consequence, several learned societies, including the National Heart Foundation of Australia, have published guidelines that recommend questionnaire screening to improve identification and management strategies for depression in coronary heart disease patients. Psychologists in hospitals, community settings, and private practice can have a key role in the realisation of the National Heart Foundation of Australia's aims. We review the recent guidelines and outline implications for psychologists to identify and manage depression in coronary heart disease patients. The evidence reviewed suggests that cognitive‐behavioural therapy and problem‐solving therapy are frontline non‐pharmacological interventions for depression in CHD patients.     

The case against coronary artery surgery

Coronary by-pass surgery has been performed in hundreds of thousands of patients in the last 15 years with a high standard of technical and surgical perfection. The indications for this kind of surgery, however, are still controversial because in spite of many retrospective and several prospective studies it cannot be proven convincingly that in a given patient this surgical procedure will prolong life or prevent myocardial infarction. The present attempt to analyze the causes for this controversy shows that the main reasons for this uncertainty lie: (a) in the enigma of the underlying (ischemic heart) disease itself, which is supposed to lend itself to surgical therapy; (b) in the inadequate methods available up until now for characterizing the state of the disease, its probable course, and its pathogenesis; and (c) in the professional group interests which have a momentum of their own.     

老年人术后认知功能障碍的影响因素和预防

人口老龄化问题日趋严重,老龄社会已悄然到来,老年人手术,术前、术中、术后都有其独特性,如何避免或者减少手术后并发症的发生,尤其是预防严重并发症的发生意义重大。笔者从老年人生理改变,老年人术后认知功能障碍（postoperative cognitive disorder,POCD）的影响因素以及手术前、手术中（麻醉期）、...     

The cardiac anxiety questionnaire: development and preliminary validity

Heart-focused anxiety (HFA) is the fear of cardiac-related stimuli and sensations because of their perceived negative consequences. Although HFA is common to a wide variety of persons who experience chest pain and distress, it often is unrecognized and misdiagnosed, particularly in cardiology and emergency room patients without and with heart disease. To address these concerns, this article reports on the development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ) designed to measure HFA. In Study 1, 188 cardiology patients completed the CAQ. Item and factor analyses indicated a three-factor solution pertaining to heart-related fear, avoidance, and attention. Reliability analysis of the 18-item CAQ revealed good internal consistency of the total and subscale scores. In Study 2, 42 patients completed the CAQ and several other anxiety-related questionnaires to assess its convergent and divergent properties. Although preliminary validity results are promising, further psychometric study is necessary to cross-validate the CAQ, examine its test-retest reliability, and confirm the stability of the factor structure. Taken together, the CAQ appears to assess HFA, and may therefore be a useful instrument for identifying patients with elevated HFA without and with heart disease.     

心理性胰岛素抵抗及应对策略

糖尿病易导致严重的慢性并发症,已成为影响人们生活质量的一种常见疾病。早期应用胰岛素是使2型糖尿病患者血糖得到良好控制、减少并发症发生的有效手段。但许多患者不愿接受或延迟胰岛素治疗。本文旨在探讨胰岛素应用过程中患者及医护人员存在的心理障碍,即心理性胰岛素抵抗,并进一步阐述其应对策略。     

老年非小细胞肺癌治疗策略

非小细胞肺癌被认为是老年疾病。迄今为止尚无专门针对治疗老年NSCLC的指导原则。作者就当今对老年NSCLC的治疗策略进行论述,并指出年龄不是影响NSCLC患者实施手术治疗、放射治疗以及化学治疗的单一因素。     

术后认知功能障碍和阿尔茨海默病相关的发病机制思考

术后认知功能障碍是手术麻醉后的并发症之一,阿尔茨海默病是一种常见的慢性进行性神经退行性疾病,在发病机制方面二者存在诸多的相似点,且目前在此方面对二者的研究都没有取得重大进展,有必要从发病机制角度对二者进行相关的辩证思考,以便更好地指导临床及基础研究。     

冠心病患者的抑郁和焦虑

许多临床研究表明,冠心病患者常发生抑郁及焦虑。而在严重精神症状（如抑郁或/和焦虑）者中有较高的冠心病发生率。抑郁增加冠心病患者的不良心血管事件发生率,影响预后。其机制有如下几个方面：对医疗措施及生活方式改变的依从性差、血小板功能异常、血管内皮功能紊乱以及心率变异性降低。选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂由于其较好的耐受性且无明显的心血管副作用而应用于冠心病合并抑郁及焦虑的药物治疗并改善患者的生活质量。但仍需要更大规模的临床研究以确定抑郁及焦虑对冠心病预后的影响。临床上应更加关注焦虑对冠心病的影响,进一步探讨焦虑能否作为冠心病的危险因素。     

Paradoxical depression after heart surgery: a form of survivor syndrome

A study of patients who developed depression immediately after heart surgery is presented. Nineteen of the twenty patients shared a history of having lost a close object who had died as a result of complications following a minor surgical procedure or illness, or had suffered from a disease similar to the one the patient now had, but for which there had been no surgical help at the time. The patients are compared with other survivors and are discussed in terms of both survival and paradoxical reaction. Almost all of the patients showed quick recovery when these issues were pointed out.