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1.
We investigate the research programme of dynamic doxastic logic (DDL) and analyze its underlying methodology. The Ramsey test for conditionals is used to characterize the logical and philosophical differences between two paradigmatic systems, AGM and KGM, which we develop and compare axiomatically and semantically. The importance of Gärdenfors’s impossibility result on the Ramsey test is highlighted by a comparison with Arrow’s impossibility result on social choice. We end with an outlook on the prospects and the future of DDL. 相似文献
2.
William Craig 《Synthese》2008,164(3):333-339
Work on how to axiomatize the subtheories of a first-order theory in which only a proper subset of their extra-logical vocabulary
is being used led to a theorem on recursive axiomatizability and to an interpolation theorem for first-order logic. There
were some fortuitous events and several logicians played a helpful role. 相似文献
3.
CHEN Lisheng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2010,5(1):1
The different meanings of “courage” in The Analects were expressed in Confucius’ remark on Zilu’s bravery. The typological analysis of courage in Mencius and Xunzi focused on the shaping of the personalities of brave persons. “Great courage” and “superior courage”, as the virtues of “great men” or “shi junzi 士君子 (intellectuals with noble characters)”, exhibit not only the uprightness of the “internal sagacity”, but also the rich implications of the “external kingship”. The prototype of these brave persons could be said to be between Zengzi’s courage and King Wen’s courage. The discussion entered a new stage of Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties, when admiration for “Yanzi’s great valor” became the key of various arguments. The order of “the three cardinal virtues” was also discussed because it concerned the relationship between “finished virtue” and “novice virtue”; hence, the virtue of courage became internalized as an essence of the internal virtuous life. At the turn of the 20th century, when China was trembling under the threat of foreign powers, intellectuals remodeled the tradition of courage by redefining “Confucius’ great valor”, as Liang Qichao did in representative fashion in his book Chinese Bushido. Hu Shi’s Lun Ru 论儒 (On Ru) was no more than a repetition of Liang’s opinion. In the theoretical structures of the modern Confucians, courage is hardly given a place. As one of the three cardinal virtues, bravery is but a concept. In a contemporary society where heroes and sages exist only in history books, do we need to talk about courage? How should it be discussed? These are questions which deserve our consideration. 相似文献
4.
5.
Alyssa Ney 《Philosophical Studies》2008,138(1):1-15
It is widely noted that physicalism, taken as the doctrine that the world contains just what physics says it contains, faces
a dilemma which, some like Tim Crane and D.H. Mellor have argued, shows that “physicalism is the wrong answer to an essentially
trivial question”. I argue that both problematic horns of this dilemma drop out if one takes physicalism not to be a doctrine
of the kind that might be true, false, or trivial, but instead an attitude or oath one takes to formulate one’s ontology solely
according to the current posits of physics. 相似文献
6.
P. Schlenker 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(3):251-307
Although it was traditionally thought that self-reference is a crucial ingredient of semantic paradoxes, Yablo (1993, 2004) showed that this was not so by displaying an infinite series of sentences none of which is self-referential but which, taken
together, are paradoxical. Yablo’s paradox consists of a countable series of linearly ordered sentences s(0), s(1), s(2),... , where each s(i) says: For each k >
i, s(k) is false (or equivalently: For no k >
i is s(k) true). We generalize Yablo’s results along two dimensions. First, we study the behavior of generalized Yablo-series in which each
sentence s(i) has the form: For Q k >
i, s(k) is true, where Q is a generalized quantifier (e.g., no, every, infinitely many, etc). We show that under broad conditions all the sentences in the series must have the same truth value, and we derive a characterization of those values of Q for which the series is paradoxical. Second, we show that in the Strong Kleene trivalent logic Yablo’s results are a special case of a more general fact: under
certain conditions, any semantic phenomenon that involves self-reference can be emulated without self-reference. Various translation procedures that eliminate self-reference from a non-quantificational language are defined and characterized.
An Appendix sketches an extension to quantificational languages, as well as a new argument that Yablo’s paradox and the translations
we offer do not involve self-reference. 相似文献
7.
This paper is an attempt to clarify the relation between, on the one hand, the construct of ‘objective happiness’ recently
proposed by Daniel Kahneman and, on the other hand, the principal focus of happiness studies, namely subjective well-being
(SWB). I have two aims. The first, a critical one, is to give a theoretical explanation for why ‘objective happiness’ cannot
be a general measure of SWB. Kahneman’s methodology precludes incorporation of relevant pieces of information that can become
available to the subject only retrospectively. The second aim, a constructive one, is to clarify the exact connection between
‘objective happiness’ and the wider notion of SWB. Unlike Kahneman, who treats the notion as a useful first approximation,
I propose that its applicability should be thought of as context-dependent: under some conditions it could be the right measure
of SWB but what these conditions are involves both psychological and ethical considerations. 相似文献
8.
9.
Kimberly Flemke 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2009,31(2):123-139
In this qualitative study we sought to explore the triggers involved in women’s rage that are expressed towards their intimate
partners. In-depth interviews were conducted with 37 incarcerated women who reported experiencing rage towards their partner.
Unresolved trauma from childhood closely linked to current levels of adult rage; specific types of trauma that were reported
included experiencing physical and sexual abuse, feeling unprotected by caretakers, and having observed domestic violence
within their homes. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder were described within the stories of rage as women recounted
their experiences of intimate partner violence. Common triggers for igniting rage included women perceiving a threat to themselves,
a threat to their loved ones, and emotional abuse. 相似文献
10.
V. Russinova L. Vassileva P. Randev S. Jiliova C. L. Cooper 《International journal of stress management》1997,4(2):111-119
This paper explores the psychometric properties of the Bulgarian version of the OSI. It was found that most of the OSI scales
were applicable in a Bulgarian context. In addition, the validity of the OSI Type A scale was confirmed using Jenkin’s Type
A questionaire. Further work is needed however if the OSI is to be an appropriate instrument in other Eastern countries. 相似文献
11.
Aspasia S. Moue 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(1):69-84
The problem of the irreversibility’s origin in thermodynamic processes occupies a distinguished place among many and lasting
attempts by researchers to derive irreversibility from molecular-mechanical principles. However, this problem is still open
and no universally accepted solution may be given during any course. In this paper, I shall try to show that the examining
of Maxwell’s demon thought experiment may provide insight into the difficulties that emerge, looking for this origin because:
(i) it is connected with the notion of irreversibility, and (ii) one of its functions is that of the “reversibility objection.”
In order to illustrate this point, I study Boltzmann’s approach to the problem of a molecular-mechanical interpretation of
irreversibility and I show that an auxiliary assumption (the selected direction of time) is responsible for producing irreversibility.
But this result is accordant with the predictions of Maxwell’s demon thought experiment: the assumptions of this kind are
not dictated by molecular-mechanical principles but are separate input in the model-systems used.
相似文献
Aspasia S. MoueEmail: Email: |
12.
Thomas Stone Carlson Christi R. McGeorge Sarah Halvorson 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2007,29(1-2):25-37
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which AAMFT clinical members can accurately diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome.
171 AAMFT clinical members were surveyed using a vignette methodology. Participants were asked to read the vignette and provide
a diagnosis for the child in the vignette. Four out of five participants were unable to correctly diagnose the vignette child
with Asperger’s Syndrome. Analyses found that the ability to correctly diagnose Asperger’s Syndrome did not vary based on
the participants: gender, years of clinical experience, or specialized clinical population (e.g., individuals, couples, families,
children).
Thomas Stone Carlson is an associate professor and Christi McGeorge is an assistant professor in the couple and family therapy
program at North Dakota State University. Sarah Halvorson is a graduate of the couple and family therapy program at North
Dakota State University and is in clinical practice in Illinois. 相似文献
13.
Patrick Grim Randy Au Nancy Louie Robert Rosenberger William Braynen Evan Selinger Robb E. Eason 《Synthese》2008,163(2):273-297
Robustness has long been recognized as an important parameter for evaluating game-theoretic results, but talk of ‘robustness’
generally remains vague. What we offer here is a graphic measure for a particular kind of robustness (‘matrix robustness’),
using a three-dimensional display of the universe of 2 × 2 game theory. In such a measure specific games appear as specific
volumes (Prisoner’s Dilemma, Stag Hunt, etc.), allowing a graphic image of the extent of particular game-theoretic effects
in terms of those games. The measure also allows for an easy comparison between different effects in terms of matrix robustness.
Here we use the measure to compare the robustness of Tit for Tat’s well-known success in spatialized games (Axelrod, R. (1984).
The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books; Grim, P. et al. (1998). The philosophical computer: Exploratory essays in philosophical computer modeling. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press) with the robustness of a recent game-theoretic model of the contact hypothesis regarding prejudice
reduction (Grim et al. 2005. Public Affairs Quarterly, 19, 95–125). 相似文献
14.
The notion that memory for music can be preserved in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) has been raised by a number of
case studies. In this paper, we review the current research examining musical memory in patients with AD. In keeping with
models of memory described in the non-musical domain, we propose that various forms of musical memory exist, and may be differentially
impaired in AD, reflecting the pattern of neuropathological changes associated with the condition. Our synthesis of this literature
reveals a dissociation between explicit and implicit musical memory functions. Implicit, specifically procedural musical memory,
or the ability to play a musical instrument, can be spared in musicians with AD. In contrast, explicit musical memory, or
the recognition of familiar or unfamiliar melodies, is typically impaired. Thus, the notion that music is unforgettable in
AD is not wholly supported. Rather, it appears that the ability to play a musical instrument may be unforgettable in some
musicians with AD. 相似文献
15.
Igor Douven 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(1):111-118
Bradley has argued that a truth-conditional semantics for conditionals is incompatible with an allegedly very weak and intuitively
compelling constraint on the interpretation of conditionals. I argue that the example Bradley offers to motivate this constraint
can be explained along pragmatic lines that are compatible with the correctness of at least one popular truth-conditional
semantics for conditionals. 相似文献
16.
Thomas V. Frederick 《Pastoral Psychology》2009,58(4):351-363
Pastoral care givers are called to provide care and counseling to parishioners that are suffering in many ways. A core question is what does a pastor rely on to provide this care? Pastors usually call on models of psychotherapy to inform their care giving. A framework of theological anthropology, cosmology, soteriology and harmatiology is developed for analyzing the worldviews inherent in models of psychotherapy. The specific models of Adler’s Individual Psychology, Narrative therapy, Horney’s personality theory, and Intersubjective theory are used to demonstrate the application of this framework. Several pastoral care implications are developed following the application of the framework. 相似文献
17.
The Women’s Health Initiative studies were begun in 1997, in large part the result of women’s health activists who for 40 years questioned the safety of hormone use at menopause and criticized the menopause as disease ideology. The studies were prematurely discontinued when investigators found that heretofore acclaimed benefits of hormone use were not supported. Risks to health such as stroke, breast cancer, and thrombophlebitis were found. A feeling of vindication was experienced by feminists but was quickly replaced by cautious optimism as strategies to continue hormone use were published and quality of life issues tied to symptom management emerged. The focus of this article is a review of the hormone story, a discussion of the implications of the Women’s Health Initiative results, and strategies for resolution of the continuing hormone dilemma. 相似文献
18.
Rodolfo de Cristofaro 《Synthese》2008,163(3):329-339
The idea of a probabilistic logic of inductive inference based on some form of the principle of indifference has always retained
a powerful appeal. However, up to now all modifications of the principle failed. In this paper, a new formulation of such
a principle is provided that avoids generating paradoxes and inconsistencies. Because of these results, the thesis that probabilities
cannot be logical quantities, determined in an objective way through some form of the principle of indifference, is no longer
supportable. Later, the paper investigates some implications of the new principle of indifference. To conclude, a re-examination
of the foundations of the so-called objective Bayesian inference is called for. 相似文献
19.
An experimental study was conducted to determine the impact of expertise and attractiveness on perceived appropriateness of
the endorser with a women’s tennis event and, subsequently, attitudes towards the event and intentions to purchase tickets.
The sample was comprised of 184 undergraduate students at three U.S. universities. Hypotheses were tested through observed
path analysis and results indicated both attractiveness and expertise were significantly related to the endorser’s appropriateness
and explained 24% of the variance. However, there was a significant interaction; in the lower expertise condition, the more
attractive athlete was rated as a more appropriate endorser. Further, endorser appropriateness led to more positive attitudes
and intentions to purchase tickets, and the model explained 13 and 48% of the variance in these variables respectively. 相似文献
20.
Minimization of modal contours: an essential cross-species strategy in disambiguating relative depth 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Two chromatically identical patterns, a diamond and a ladder, were shown on a computer touchscreen. Domestic hens were reinforced
for pecking at the pattern that was the highest up on a grid that provided pictorial depth information, i.e. on the pattern
that to a human appears as being the furthest away. Every tenth trial was a non-rewarded probe trial with the two patterns
partially overlapping. In the absence of other cues depth stratification can occur on the basis of a minimization of interpolated
occluding contours. In humans the diamond is usually perceived to be in front of the ladder because shorter interpolated contours
are needed to account for the occlusive effect of the diamond on the ladder. The hens pecked more often at the ladder during
the probe trials. The results suggest that the avian and mammalian visual systems operate along similar principles when dealing
with the problem of solving occlusion indeterminacy in chromatically homogeneous patterns.
Received: 26 March 1999 / Accepted after revision: 17 September 1999 相似文献