陆九渊的做人之学及其对朱熹之学的批判

“学者所以为学,学为人而已”,陆九渊之学以其鲜明的“做人”色彩对朱熹之学展开了批判。就笔者所接触到的今日研究陆九渊思想之文来看,虽有指出这个特点者,但语之未详。私下以为,如能从此角度再述陆九渊思想,对于加深对陆九渊思想的理解,进而加深对王阳明之学的理解,或许更为有利。因此,特作短文,以请教于大方之家。     

朱陆“心学”及其异同的几点观察

朱熹尽管批陆为禅,其学亦吸收了佛禅的“明心见性”思想。陆九渊虽自谓“心即理”之说得自孟子,实亦受到程朱影响。要之,二人都讲道德本心,分歧只在“尊德性”与“道问学”的关系上。朱子强调二者相辅相成,实则在“道问学”上用力较勤。象山强调“先立乎其大”“发明本心”,但亦未尽废“道问学”。朱批评陆自信太过,陆则以朱为支离。然而正是这些差异,使得朱陆之学得以相辅而互补。     

杨简与陆九渊

杨简,字敬仲,浙江慈溪人.曾筑室德润湖(慈湖)上,世称慈湖先生.生于南宋高宗十一年(1141),卒于理宗宝庆二年(1226).他是陆九渊的高足弟子.陆九渊的“本心”学说以甬上四学者——杨简、袁燮、舒璘、沈焕为得其传,而杨简居其首.虽然历来的学者在评论陆派学说时,对杨简多有微辞,但从心学的发展过程来看,却是杨简发挥了陆九渊心学的核心部分,使陆学能够在哲学理论上独立于朱熹理学,并经明代王阳明学说的接续发展,进一步完善了陆王心学的理论体系,从而形成支配一代学术的思想潮流.从这点上看,全谢山说“文元(杨简)为陆氏功臣”(《宋元学案》卷七十四《慈湖学案》),是丝毫也不过分的.故述杨简与陆九渊思想的异同及继承发展关系,以就教学界.     

象山心学视野下的九卦之序——兼与张勇先生商榷

宋代理学的易学维度,是中国学术史上浓墨重彩的一笔。陆九渊虽然没有像程颐、朱熹那样系统地注释《周易》,但对九卦说的重视程度实远胜程、朱。陆九渊赋予了九卦丰富的心学内涵,而其中的某些内容与康德的实践哲学亦有一定程度的相通性。陆九渊对于九卦之序的心学诠解,是其道德哲学的缩影。     

陆九渊哲学思想研究

建国以来对陆九渊(1139-1192)哲学思想的研究,侯外庐和任继愈都采取了朱陆比较的方法。80年代,包遵信、王茂和焦克明等,又在比较的基础上提出了从认识论和主客体关系上分析陆学内在矛盾的方法。现将研究情况综述如下。一陆学的性质和朱陆之辩的实质关于陆学的性质和朱陆之辩的实质,学术界大致有三种意见。 (一)吕振羽、侯外庐、任继愈和包遵信都认为陆九渊是主观唯心主义者,但对朱陆之辩的实质及其意义则有不同的看法。吕振羽认为,朱陆之争是心物二元论和主观唯心主义之争。这种争论是根源于争论双方各自代表的社会阶层利益的不同,同时也反映出地主阶级内部诸阶层利益冲突的剧烈。陆九     

从陆九渊到王守仁——论“心学”的彻底确立

<正> 宋明儒学之“心学”一系,常以“陆王”并称。但实际上陆九渊和王守仁有不容忽视的区别。有些论者曾纯从理论形态的角度考察陆王之异,如模糊与明晰、疏阔与严密、点悟与分解等等。这些考虑都有道理,但却无关宏旨。只有透过它看到一个理论彻底性问题,才算抓住了陆王之异的意义所在。本文便试图通过考察陆王之异,清理一下“心学”从陆九渊到王守仁臻于成熟、彻底确立的内在思想脉络。     

白玉蟾在西山的活动及其对净明道的影响

白玉蟾是金丹派南宗第五祖,乃道教史上的著名人物,有关其生平事迹、思想学说,学术界已多有讨论,笔者亦尝细论之①。然而,包括笔者在内的学界诸家以往在谈论白玉蟾时,皆未曾关注他在净明道兴起地———江西西山的活动,并忽视了其对净明道的影响。下面,试就白玉蟾在西山的活动及其对净明道的影响作一介绍,以补人们认识之罅漏。白玉蟾一生云游天下,据其《云游歌》言,他的足迹曾广达“江之东西湖南北,浙之左右接西蜀,广闽淮海数万里”,到过的地方有武夷山、龙虎山、阁皂山、天台山、罗浮山、青城山、霍童山、北邙山等等。其中,亦包括净明道的兴…     

关于许逊信仰的几个问题

许逊是中国民间流传甚广的“一人得道,鸡犬升天”故事的主角,也是宋元间兴起的“净明道”所奉的祖师。人们对许逊的信仰自东晋以来即已在局部地区流传,之后逐渐形成所谓的“孝道”,并经过吸收传统符道派及儒释诸教的学说,而于宋元间在江西南昌西山形成了所谓的“净明道”或“净明忠孝道”①。净明道主张“以忠孝为本,敬天崇道、济生度死为事”②,在宋元两代乃至明清影响颇大。元代以后,该派贬低了斋醮、符的作用而全力推崇“忠孝”伦理,注重内心的修炼,主张“始于忠孝立本,中于去欲正心,终于直至净明”③,并以为:“忠孝之道,非必长生而…     

谌母与兰公:净明道的女性观及其变化

本文通过考察有关净明道"祖师"谌母传授经法予许逊的各种传说,并观察她与另外一位传说人物兰公的关系,从一个侧面探讨了净明道的女性观。笔者认为:基于传统道教"阴"、"阳"并重的思想,女性在早期净明道中的地位并不低于男性;但在元代净明道大量吸收理学思想以后,或许是因为受儒家"男尊女卑"思想的影响,女性在明清时期净明道中的地位有所下降。     

从“精神”梳释考朱陆之辨——以陈建《学蔀通辨》为例展开

陈建《学蔀通辨》设专编批驳陆九渊及其后学以至王阳明之学为一部部禅学,认为"作弄精神"、"识心见性"是诸学为禅学抑或近禅之共性。在陈建问题视域之意义上,陆、王隐然成为一共"禅"性之"心学"学派。"精神"一词的意蕴成为陈建批驳陆、王诸学之一大关节,然事实上亦成为衡定陈建立论得失的一重要关节。仅就"精神"意蕴之于陈建、朱子,较之陆学以至王学则皆似同而异趣,甚而涉及儒释道之异旨。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.