国外关于知识与智力技能迁移研究的概况

迁移被认为是教学的主要目的之一,“为迁移而教”就是这一目的的充分表述。但令人遗憾的是,至今学术界关于迁移的研究却没有取得多少实质性的进展,特别在我国更是如此。为了给我们的研究一些有益的启示．本文试图从四方面对国外关于知识与智力技能的迁移研究作一简要的综述：①知识一知识迁移。②技能一技能迁移。③知识一技能迁移。④技能一知识迁移．     

规则形式及其呈现问题情境对高二学生类比迁移影响研究

本研究以396名高中二年级学生为被试,采用4×4组间设计探讨规则形式及其呈现问题情境对类比迁移的影响。主要得到以下结论:1.在类比迁移中起关键作用的是规则,但是规则只有与样例结合才能发挥它对样例的促进作用;2.在有问题情境时,直接呈现规则与需要归纳才能得到规则相比,更有利于促进类比迁移;3.在有规则的情况下,样例间的关系为不同领域的相似关系与其他样例间关系相比,对类比迁移的促进作用更大。     

规则变型推理对远迁移问题解决的促进

为了避免多重变异样例学习和采用题海战术,并能促进规则样例学习的远迁移问题解决,开创出原样例学习后对原型规则做出变型推理的学习方法,以算术应用题的解题样例为原样例学习材料进行了4项实验研究。结果显示：四年级小学生运用该方法可有效促进远迁移问题的解决;其变型推理能力存在数学成绩等级差异;提供问题情境和推理提示能提高部分学生规则变型推理成绩和远迁移测验成绩。实验结果证明,规则变型推理是促进远迁移问题解决的有效方法之一。     

样例和练习在促进解题迁移能力中的作用

通过一个2×2×2的因素实验,对96名初一学生在解题迁移能力中受样例和练习的影响进行了研究。结果表明,结合样例进行的练习促进了技能的熟练和解题能力的迁移;练习本身并不总能保证促进技能的熟练和解题能力的迁移,它至少要受三方面因素的影响第一,与在练习中是否有来自外部的指导和反馈有关;第二,与练习的任务性质有关;第三,与参与练习的个体智力和认知水平有关。     

汉语声调远距离规则的内隐学习及其迁移效应

内隐学习研究领域的一个重要问题是内隐学习获得的知识究竟是什么,即内隐学习获得的知识究竟是底层的抽象规则还是表面的特征.研究以汉语声调的远距离水平映射这一远距离规则为材料,通过对表面特征和底层规则之间的分离操作,在控制组块和重复结构等表面特征的条件下,探讨声调远距离规则的习得和迁移,结果发现被试能够内隐地习得和迁移汉语平仄声调的水平映射规则,证实了内隐学习确实能够获得底层的抽象规则,为内隐学习的抽象性问题提供了新的证据.     

汉语声调水平映射规则的内隐学习及其长度迁移效应

内隐学习领域关注的重要问题是被试能够习得何种结构及其相应的学习机制。远距离规则的研究为澄清这一问题提供了新的视角。现有研究已证实被试能够内隐地习得并迁移固定长度的远距离规则。按照内隐学习抽象性的观点,如果被试习得的是远距离的抽象规则本身,那么迁移也同时会发生在不同长度的材料上。因此,研究以独特的汉语声调水平映射规则为材料,通过对表面特征与底层规则之间的分离操作,探讨声调水平映射规则的内隐习得和长度迁移,结果表明被试不仅能够习得这一规则,还能够将该规则灵活迁移到不同长度的材料上,进一步为内隐学习的抽象性特点和无限性的学习机制提供强有力的新证据。     

小学儿童规则发现的类比迁移研究

本研究以小学儿童为被试,证实了在策略提示条件下解决规则发现(合取规则和析取规则)的类比问题时,任务难度和表面相似性是影响策略的迁移的重要因素,并且发现小学儿童的思维能力存在着较大的个体差异.他们在问题解决时主要使用单维检验策略,多数小学儿童缺乏较强的元认知监控.     

迁移研究的发展与趋势

该通过对早期的迁移学说、实验研究及理论模型的历史回顾和评价,结合当前认知心理学从对问题解决的研究中发现并进而重视迁移的作用,及本世纪以来出现的第二次迁移研究热的特点,阐述了迁移研究的历史走向与发展趋势。     

远迁移产生条件的新界定

对于迁移,特别是远迁移的实验研究有很多争论。本文介绍了Barnett和Ceci提出的关于影响迁移的内容因素和线索因素两个方面的九个维度的分类学,根据这九个维度就能比较正确的预测迁移的远、近。他们认为,迁移的远近应从多维的角度进行界定,满足了远迁移的所有标准的变化就可以称之为远迁移。     

规则顺序与规则类型对儿童规则推理的影响

学前儿童时期是各种推理能力产生和发展的重要时期。本研究采用Frye和Zelazo等（1996）所设计的“二进二出”装置,设置了规则顺序、规则类型的规则推理任务,采用个别实验法,研究了90名3～4岁儿童规则推理能力的发展。在本研究条件下,结果发现：1．当规则呈现顺序不同时,儿童规则推理成绩差异显著,先呈现哪个规则,则利用这个规则进行推理的成绩就较好;2．不同规则类型下儿童的推理成绩差异极其显著,竖直规则下的推理任务更容易;3．3．5～4岁是儿童二维合取规则推理能力发展的快速期。     

The Effectiveness of Audiovisual Self-Instructional Materials in Teaching Child-Care Skills to Parents with Intellectual Disabilities

Children of parents with intellectual disabilities are at risk for neglectful care due to parenting skill deficiencies. Previous studies have shown that parents with intellectual disabilities can improve child-care skills with intensive behavioral training, but self-instruction has not been explored. We evaluated the efficacy of self-instructional pictorial child-care manuals with and without accompanying audiotaped instruction using a multielement design with 13 parents with intellectual disabilities. The self-instructional materials were effective in teaching 22 of 26 skills to levels seen in parents without intellectual disabilities. Eighty-one percent of the skills maintained over a 1-15 month follow-up period and self-learning effects were replicated when the parents received self-instructional materials for the original no-training control skill. Despite the low literacy skills of the parents, for most of them no advantage was found in adding the audiotape to the illustrations. Three parents only reached criterion after an audiotape was added to the manual alone skill. Consumer satisfaction ratings were uniformly high and those parents who stated a preference, preferred the pictorial manuals without, as opposed to with, the audiotape. These findings suggest that a majority of parents with intellectual disabilities may improve their parenting skills with low cost, low tech, self-instructional materials.     

审美概念学习效应与迁移的逻辑线路探究

以49名小学四年级学生和30名大学教师及研究生为实验对象,采用SMSD模式进行审美概念学习,结果发现这两组被试的审美理解和感受水平都有显著提高。对大学教师研究生组再作前审美概念(已学概念)之于后审美概念(未学概念)各因素影响情况的回归分析,得到四个回归方程,据此绘制出SMSD模式审美概念学习迁移模型图,归纳出平行迁移、纵向迁移、交叉迁移、小巡回迁移、大巡回迁移等若干逻辑线路。     

Academic Processing Speed Mediates the Influence of Both Externalizing Behavior and Language Skills on the Academic Skills of Students with Emotional Disturbance

The results from previous research suggest that there is a relatively small (albeit statistically significant) relationship between the externalizing behavior and academic skills of students with emotional disturbance (ED). Researchers have also found that the majority of these students have language deficits that hinder their academic performance. The purposes of this study were to investigate the mediating role of academic processing speed (i.e., academic fluency) on the relationship between: (a) The externalizing behavior and academic skills of K-12 students with ED; and (b) language skills and academic skills of students with ED. Results indicate that academic processing speed mediated the influence of both language skills and externalizing behavior on academic skills of this population. The findings, limitations, and implications were discussed.     

小组辅导提高大学生人际交往水平的实验研究

人际交往问题是大学生存在的主要心理问题之一。本研究通过系统的小组辅导活动．探讨提高大学生人际交往水平的方法。研究结果显示．症状自评量表、人际关系诊断量表前测后测比较,多项指标差异呈显著或极显著水平,并发现人格的一些因素与人际关系困扰程度有显著或极显著相关。表明小组辅导对提高大学生人际交往水平是有成效的。小组辅导的策略和方法．值得进一步探讨和研究。     

The ethical implications of the new research paradigm

Research is now an increasingly heterogeneous activity involving an expanded range of new actors and stake-holders and employing an eclectic range of epistemologies and methodologies. The emergence of these new research paradigms — and, in particular, of so-called ‘Mode 2’ knowledge production that is highly contextualised and socially distributed — raises new and challenging ethical issues and also important questions about the autonomy of science and the social responsibilities of scientists.     

言语指导对实验操作技能形成影响的初步研究

本研究以112名中师学生为被试,采用实验组控制组后测实验设汁,选择中和滴定作为实验操作任务,探讨了言语指导对实验操作技能形成的影响。结果表明．言语指导能明显地促进学生实验操作技能的形成,特别是在实验操作动作的自动化方面。     

社会技能构成因素及其意义

阐述了社会技能的构成因素,其主要包括自信、报答与强化、非言语交流技能、言语交流技能、同理心、合作、关心他人等;以及社会技能对个体的社会支持、心身健康和工作效率的影响。     

A Psychometric Evaluation of the Family Rules From the Past Questionnaire

This study describes an initial psychometric evaluation of a new 15–item self-report instrument, the Family Rules from the Past questionnaire (FRP), which measures perceived dysfunctional rules from the past. Reliability and validity tests were conducted including a factor analysis to determine the underlying dimensions of the FRP. A sample of 943 young adults completed the FRP, a demographic questionnaire, and measures of family health and competence, alcoholism in the family, and social desirability. Results showed support for internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, construct validity, concurrent validity, and criterion-related validity for the FRP. Individuals from dysfunctional families and adult children of alcoholics scored significantly higher on the FRP than individuals from more functional families. Implications for the uses of the FRP in individual, couple, and family therapy are discussed.