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1.
Fleischmann ST 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(2):369-381
Ethical decision-making is essential to professionalism in engineering. For that reason, ethics is a required topic in an
ABET approved engineering curriculum and it must be a foundational strand that runs throughout the entire curriculum. In this
paper the curriculum approach that is under development at the Padnos School of Engineering (PSE) at Grand Valley State University
will be described. The design of this program draws heavily from the successful approach used at the service academies — in
particular West Point and the United States Naval Academy. As is the case for the service academies, all students are introduced
to the “Honor Concept” (which includes an Honor Code) as freshmen. As an element of professionalism the PSE program requires
1500 hours of co-op experience which is normally divided into three semesters of full-time work alternated with academic semesters
during the last two years of the program. This offers the faculty an opportunity to teach ethics as a natural aspect of professionalism
through the academic requirements for co-op. In addition to required elements throughout the program, the students are offered
opportunities to participate in service projects which highlight responsible citizenship. These elements and other parts of
the approach will be described.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting, New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献King Solomon
2.
We argue that the practice of engineering does not exist outside the domain of societal interests. That is, the practice of
engineering has an inherent (and unavoidable) impact on society. Engineering is based upon that relationship with society
(inter alia).
An engineer’s conduct (as captured in professional codes of conduct) toward other engineers, toward employers, toward clients,
and toward the public is an essential part of the life of a professional engineer, yet the education process and professional
societies pay inadequate attention to the area. If one adopts Skooglund’s definition of professional ethicsI (how we agree to relate to one another), then the codes of professional conduct lay out a road map for professional relationships.
As professionals, engineers need to internalize their codes and to realize that they have a personal stake in the application
of codes as well as the process of developing the codes. Yet, most engineers view professional codes as static statements
developed by “others” with little (or no) input from the individual engineer. Complicating the problem, questions of professionalism
(such as ethics) are frequently viewed as topics outside the normal realm of engineering analysis and design. In reality,
professional responsibility is an integral part of the engineering process. 相似文献
3.
Hall KD 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(2):383-387
Ethics and professional conduct are vital to civil engineering undergraduate curricula. Many programs struggle to ensure that
students are given an adequate exposure to and appreciation of ethical and professional conduct issues. This paper describes
a two-part ethics/professionalism project used in a senior-level course taught at the University of Arkansas. Initially, students
scruitinize ethical canons and standards of professional conduct published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
and the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), and prepare an essay concerning the applicability of these standards.
The second part of the project builds on the first: based on the opinion(s) generated in Part 1, students are asked to develop
a set of canons or standards targeted specifically to the undergraduate student, and suggest processes for implementing those
standards within the department. Project objectives include: (1) exposure to nationally-recognized ethical canons and standards
of professional conduct; (2) personal formulation of ethical and professional standards; (3) skill enhancement for non-technical
written communications. Feedback by students prior to and after the project indicates success in meeting all objectives. The
feedback also indicates that for some students, definitions and applications of ethics and professionalism are being broadened
to include more than academic honesty issues.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the “Ethics and Social Responsibility in Engineering and Technology” meeting,
New Orleans, 2003. 相似文献
4.
Clare Palmer 《Nanoethics》2011,5(1):43-48
In his paper “The Opposite of Human Enhancement: Nanotechnology and the Blind Chicken problem” (Nanoethics 2:305–316, 2008) Paul Thompson argues that the possibility of “disenhancing” animals in order to improve animal welfare poses a philosophical
conundrum. Although many people intuitively think such disenhancement would be morally impermissible, it’s difficult to find
good arguments to support such intuitions. In this brief response to Thompson, I accept that there’s a conundrum here. But
I argue that if we seriously consider whether creating beings can harm or benefit them, and introduce the non-identity problem to discussions of animal disehancement, the conundrum is even
deeper than Thompson suggests. 相似文献
5.
Liu Qingping 《Dao》2007,6(1):1-19
Confucianism advocates the lofty moral ideal of “humane love” (ren ai 仁愛) and condemns immoral actions. Strangely enough, however, Mencius, a “paradigmatic Confucian intellectual” who believed
that “a true man cannot be corrupted by wealth, subdued by power, or affected by poverty” (Tu 1989a: 15), highly commended such typically corrupt actions as bending the law for the benefit of relatives or appointing people
by mere nepotism when he talked about Shun 舜 in the text of the Mencius. In the first four sections of this article, I will address the issue of how Confucianism encourages a special kind of corruption
through its fundamentally consanguineous affection. Then, in the remaining sections, I will try to respond to some criticisms
of my views by a few Chinese scholars. 相似文献
6.
Isidora Stojanovic 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(1):49-58
It has been long known (Perry in Philos Rev 86: 474–497, 1977; No?s 13: 3–21, 1979, Lewis in Philos Rev 88: 513–543 1981) that de se attitudes, such as beliefs and desires that one has about oneself, call for a special treatment in theories of attitudinal content. The aim of this paper is to raise similar concerns for
theories of asserted content. The received view, inherited from Kaplan (1989), has it that if Alma says “I am hungry,” the asserted content, or what is said, is the proposition that Alma is hungry (at a given time). I argue that the received view has difficulties handling de se assertion, i.e., contents that one expresses using the first person pronoun, to assert something about oneself. I start from
the observation that when two speakers say “I am hungry,” one may truly report them as having said the same thing. It has
often been held that the possibility of such reports comes from the fact that the two speakers are, after all, uttering the
same words, and are in this sense “saying the same thing”. I argue that this approach fails, and that it is neither necessary
nor sufficient to use the same words, or words endowed with the same meaning, in order to be truly reported as same-saying.
I also argue that reports of same-saying in the case of de se assertion differ significantly from such reports in the case of two speakers merely implicating the same thing. 相似文献
7.
Prophets provoke psychological unrest, especially when exposing accepted beliefs as profound deceptions. The biblical prophets
exemplify such confrontation as do certain atheists ardently opposed to the images of God created by those seers. The German
philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche dramatically illustrates this type of counterforce to the Judeo-Christian tradition. His prophet
Zarathustra is intended to be a model for the modern mind, one free of superstitions inflicted by antiquated religious dogma.
Nietzsche’s credo “God is dead” served as a declaration for the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, it became a
theological diagnosis. As a “movement,” or “tenor,” the death of God or radical theology was spearheaded by Thomas Altizer,
a well-published young professor center-staged during the turbulent 1960s. His work foreshadows a new strain of atheism currently
represented by biologist Richard Dawkins (2006, The God delusion. New York: Houghton Mifflin), philosopher Daniel Dennett (2006, Breaking the spell. New York: Penquin), neuroscientist Sam Harris (2004, The end of faith. New York: W.W. Norton; 2008, Letter to a Christian nation. New York: Vintage), journalist Christopher Hitchens (2007, God is not great. New York: Twelve), and mathematician John Allen Paulos (Paulos 2008, Irreligion. New York: Hill & Wang). This twenty-first century crusade against belief in God is best understood as a psychodynamic ignited
by Altizer’s Christian atheism. The present dialogue reflects that dynamic while the prologue and epilogue reveal evidence
of Providence amidst claims of God’s demise in contemporary history. 相似文献
8.
Maurice A. Finocchiaro 《Argumentation》2007,21(3):253-268
Krabbe (2003, in F.H. van Eemeren, J.A. Blair, C.A. Willard and A.F. Snoeck Henkemans (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation, Sic Sat, Amsterdam, pp. 641–644) defined a metadialogue as a dialogue about one or more dialogues, and a ground-level dialogue
as a dialogue that is not a metadialogue. Similarly, I define a meta-argument as an argument about one or more arguments,
and a ground-level argument as one which is not a meta-argument. Krabbe (1995, in F.H van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J.A. Blair, C.A. Willard and A.F. Snoeck Henkemans (eds.), Proceedings of the Third ISSA Conference on Argumentation, Sic Sat, Amsterdam, pp. 333–344) showed that formal-fallacy criticism (and more generally, fallacy criticism) consists of
metadialogues, and that such metadialogues can be profiled in ways that lead to their proper termination or resolution. I
reconstruct Krabbe’s metadialogical account into monolectical, meta-argumentative terminology by describing three-types of
meta-arguments corresponding to the three ways of proving formal invalidity he studied: the trivial logic-indifferent method;
the method of counterexample situation; and the method of formal paraphrase. A fourth type of meta-argument corresponds to
what Oliver (1967, Mind
76, 463–478), Govier (1985, Informal Logic
7, 27–33), and Copi (1986) call refutation by logical analogy. A fifth type of meta-argument represents my reconstruction of
arguments by parity of reasoning studied by Woods and Hudak (1989, Informal Logic
11, 125–139). Other particular meta-arguments deserving future study are Hume’s critique of the argument from design in the
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and Mill’s initial argument in The Subjection of Women about the importance of established custom and general feeling vis-à-vis argumentation. 相似文献
9.
Franz Huber 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(5):511-538
This paper starts by indicating the analysis of Hempel’s conditions of adequacy for any relation of confirmation (Hempel,
1945) as presented in Huber (submitted). There I argue contra Carnap (1962, Section 87) that Hempel felt the need for two concepts of confirmation: one aiming at plausible theories and another aiming
at informative theories. However, he also realized that these two concepts are conflicting, and he gave up the concept of
confirmation aiming at informative theories. The main part of the paper consists in working out the claim that one can have
Hempel’s cake and eat it too — in the sense that there is a logic of theory assessment that takes into account both of the
two conflicting aspects of plausibility and informativeness. According to the semantics of this logic, α is an acceptable theory for evidence β if and only if α is both sufficiently plausible given β and sufficiently informative about β. This is spelt out in terms of ranking functions (Spohn, 1988) and shown to represent the syntactically specified notion of an assessment relation. The paper then compares these acceptability
relations to explanatory and confirmatory consequence relations (Flach, 2000) as well as to nonmonotonic consequence relations (Kraus et al., 1990). It concludes by relating the plausibility-informativeness approach to Carnap’s positive relevance account, thereby shedding
new light on Carnap’s analysis as well as solving another problem of confirmation theory.
A precursor of this paper has appeared as “The Logic of Confirmation and Theory Assessment” in L. Běhounek & M. Bílková (eds.),
The Logica Yearbook 2004, Prague: Filosofia, 2005, 161–176. 相似文献
10.
Reinwein J 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2012,41(1):1-32
The modality effect is a central issue in multimedia learning [see Mayer (Cambridge University Press, 2005a), for a review]. Sweller’s Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), for example, presumes that an illustrated text is better understood
when presented visually rather than orally. The predictive power of CLT lies in how it links in to Baddeley’s (1986) model of working memory and Penney’s (Mem Cognit 17:398–442, 1989) Separate-Streams Hypothesis. Ginns’s (Learn Instr 4:313–331, 2005) recent meta-analysis also supports the modality effect (d = 0.72, based on 43 independent effects). This article replicates the meta-analysis of the modality effect based on 86 independent
effects (with within-study subgroups as the unit of analysis and with mean of the outcomes as the dependent measure), with results showing a reduction of the overall effect size by almost half (d = 0.38), and even more when Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Fill method is used to correct publication bias (d = 0.20). This article also widens the scope of the analysis of moderator variables (e.g. Pace of presentation, Type of visualization,
Research group) as well as their potentially confounded effects. Finally, it is argued that, for theoretical reasons, the
so-called modality effect cannot be based on Penney’s or Baddeley’s theories and must be explained in a different way. 相似文献
11.
This paper addresses several concerns in teaching engineering ethics. First, there is the problem of finding space within
already crowded engineering curricula for meaningful discussions of ethical dimensions in engineering. Some engineering programs
may offer entire courses on engineering ethics; however, most do not at present and may not in the foreseeable future. A promising
possibility is to weave ethics into already existing courses using case studies, but most current case studies are not well
integrated with engineering technical analysis. There is a danger that case studies will be viewed by both instructors and
students as departures from “business as usual”—interesting perhaps, but not essentially connected with “real” engineering.
We offer a case study, inspired by the National Society of Professional Engineer’s popular video Gilbane Gold, that can be used to make the connection. It requires students to engage in technical analysis, but in a context that makes
apparent the ethical responsibility of engineers. Further, the case we present marks a significant departure from more typical
cases that primarily focus on wrongdoing and its prevention. We concentrate more positively on what responsible engineering
requires. There is a need for more such cases, regardless of whether they are to be used in standard engineering courses or
in separate courses in engineering ethics.
This article is the product of the NSF/Bovay Endowment “Workshop to Develop Numerical Problems Associated With Ethics Cases
for use in Required Undergraduate Engineering Courses” (NSF Grant DUE-9455141) held at Texas A&M University in August 1995.
For further information about this project, contact Michael J. Rabins, Director of the Ethics and Professionalism Program
in the Look College of Engineering at Texas A&M University. Additional case studies from this workshop are available on the
Internet site http://ethics.tamu.edu. The writing of this article was supported in part by “Engineering Ethics: Good Works”
(NSF/EVS Grant SBR-930257).
Michael Pritchard teaches ethics and is co-author of Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases (1995) with C.E. Harris and Michael Rabins (Wadsworth, Belmont CA).
Mark Holtzapple teaches chemical engineering and is author of Foundations of Engineering (McGraw-Hill) which includes an ethics chapter suitable for freshman engineering students. 相似文献
12.
Craig Anthony Rubano 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(3):467-475
This article uses Kenneth R. Mitchell and Herbert Anderson’s (1983) six modalities of grieving as presented in Donald Capps’ (1993) The Poet’s Gift to bring a pastoral theological perspective to bear on Li-Young Lee’s Behind My Eyes (2008), a collection of thirty-nine poems. In specifically focusing on Lee’s poem “To Hold,” it makes the case for a seventh
grieving modality, that of preemptive loss. Employing Mitchell and Anderson’s distinction between faithful and unfaithful grieving, it argues that preemptive loss is an unfaithful form or expression of grieving, and notes the irony and sadness in this regard, as this unfaithful response
to grief is informed by what is widely considered to be a faithful Judeo–Christian perspective, rooted in the inescapable
sinfulness of humanity. 相似文献
13.
Quantum logic as a dynamic logic 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We address the old question whether a logical understanding of Quantum Mechanics requires abandoning some of the principles
of classical logic. Against Putnam and others (Among whom we may count or not E. W. Beth, depending on how we interpret some
of his statements), our answer is a clear “no”. Philosophically, our argument is based on combining a formal semantic approach, in the spirit of E. W. Beth’s proposal of applying Tarski’s semantical methods to the analysis of physical theories,
with an empirical–experimental approach to Logic, as advocated by both Beth and Putnam, but understood by us in the view of the operational- realistic tradition of Jauch and Piron, i.e. as an investigation of “the logic of yes–no experiments” (or “questions”). Technically, we use the
recently-developed setting of Quantum Dynamic Logic (Baltag and Smets 2005, 2008) to make explicit the operational meaning of quantum-mechanical concepts in our formal semantics. Based on our recent results
(Baltag and Smets 2005), we show that the correct interpretation of quantum-logical connectives is dynamical, rather than purely propositional. We conclude that there is no contradiction between classical logic and (our dynamic reinterpretation
of) quantum logic. Moreover, we argue that the Dynamic-Logical perspective leads to a better and deeper understanding of the
“non-classicality” of quantum behavior than any perspective based on static Propositional Logic. 相似文献
14.
Anna Piela 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(3):249-265
In this article, I address piety as a concept shaping Muslim women’s online discussions about gender roles, marriage and professional
careers. I also investigate cross-cultural religious encounters in these women-only groups as I am interested in the potential
of such online environments to facilitate women’s religious reflection and intellectual engagement. Finally, I explore motivations
and religious interpretations of three categories of participants in these discussions: egalitarians, for whom gender equality
is a necessary component of piety (Barlas 2006); traditionalists, identified by other authors as Islamists (Karam 1998) or social conservatives (Gül and Gül 48:1–26, 2000; Mahmood 2005) and finally, holists, a group that cannot be mapped out on the political landscape by using the progressive–conservative
binary (Badran, Agenda 50:41–57, 2001) and which exists and acts outside of it, neither subverting nor enacting norms of any dominant system, be it secular–liberal
or patriarchal. Following Mahmood’s argument that formulating an analysis based exclusively on such a binary is simplistic
(Mahmood 2005), I argue that actions of holists can be only addressed by formulating a set of questions different to those used to analyse
self-defined egalitarians or traditionalists. 相似文献
15.
Gary Bartlett 《Erkenntnis》2012,76(2):195-209
Very plausibly, nothing can be a genuine computing system unless it meets an input-sensitivity requirement. Otherwise all
sorts of objects, such as rocks or pails of water, can count as performing computations, even such as might suffice for mentality—thus
threatening computationalism about the mind with panpsychism. Maudlin in J Philos 86:407–432, (1989) and Bishop (2002a, b) have argued, however, that such a requirement creates difficulties for computationalism about conscious experience, putting
it in conflict with the very intuitive thesis that conscious experience supervenes on physical activity. Klein in Synthese
165:141–153, (2008) proposes a way for computationalists about experience to avoid panpsychism while still respecting the supervenience of experience
on activity. I argue that his attempt to save computational theories of experience from Maudlin’s and Bishop’s critique fails. 相似文献
16.
In a multiple regression analysis with three or more predictors, every set of alternate weights belongs to an infinite class
of “fungible weights” (Waller, Psychometrica, in press) that yields identical SSE (sum of squared errors) and R
2 values. When the R
2 using the alternate weights is a fixed value, fungible weights (a
i
) that yield the maximum or minimum cosine with an OLS weight vector (b) are called “fungible extrema.” We describe two methods for locating fungible extrema and we report R code (R Development Core Team, 2007) for one of the methods. We then describe a new approach for populating a class of fungible weights that is derived from
the geometry of alternate regression weights. Finally, we illustrate how fungible weights can be profitably used to gauge
parameter sensitivity in linear models by locating the fungible extrema of a regression model of executive compensation (Horton
& Guerard, Commun. Stat. Simul. Comput. 14:441–448, 1985). 相似文献
17.
Adrian Furnham 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(4):225-239
In all, 187 participants completed a new, self-report measure of eight multiple intelligences (Haselbauer 2005), a General Knowledge test (Irwing et al. Personality and Individual Differences 30:857–871, 2001), a measure of Approaches to Learning Styles (Biggs 1987), a measure of the Big Five personality traits (Costa and McCrae 1992), as well as gave their own estimated scores on the Gardner (1999) multiple intelligences. Alpha co-efficients were modest with only three of the eight test-derived, multiple intelligence
scores being over .70. ‘Linguistic’ and Mathematical intelligence alone were correlated with General Knowledge. Five of the
eight ‘intelligences’ were correlated both with Extraversion and Openness. Regressions indicated that ‘Intrapersonal intelligence’
was closely linked with Stability and Conscientiousness; ‘Interpersonal intelligence’ with Extraversion; ‘Linguistic intelligence’
with Openness; ‘Mathematical intelligence’ with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Correlations between self-estimated and
test-derived emotional intelligence showed correlations ranging from r = .18 to r = .56 for similar type ‘intelligences’. This study provides modest evidence for the concurrent and construct validity of
this measure. It requires more psychometric evidence of validity before it is used. 相似文献
18.
Richards HJ Hadwin JA Benson V Wenger MJ Donnelly N 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2011,18(5):883-889
In the present study, we explored the proposition that an individual’s capacity for threat detection is related to his or
her trait anxiety. Using a redundant signals paradigm with concurrent measurements of reaction times and eye movements, participants
indicated the presence or absence of an emotional target face (angry or happy) in displays containing no targets, one target,
or two targets. We used estimates of the orderings on the hazard functions of the RT distributions as measures of processing
capacity (Townsend & Ashby, 1978; Wenger & Gibson, Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 30,708–719, 2004) to assess whether self-reported anxiety and the affective state of the face interacted with the level of perceptual load
(i.e., the number of targets). Results indicated that anxiety was associated with fewer eye movements and increased processing
capacity to detect multiple (vs. single) threatening faces. The data are consistent with anxiety influencing threat detection
via a broadly tuned attentional mechanism (Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, Emotion, 7,336–353, 2007). 相似文献
19.
20.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献