Depressive experiences questionnaire: an empirical exploration of the underlying theory

This article addresses the theoretical conceptualization of depressive typology proposed by Blatt (1974) by analyzing selected items on the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) in a 21-item modified version. Items were selected by judges and by factor loading criteria to be most theoretically characteristic of the dimensions they are meant to represent: anaclitic and introjective depression. Two independent samples, a female inpatient sample and a female college sample, were used. Principal components analysis of these 21 items revealed only 5 anaclitic items and 7 introjective items that loaded on their respective factors for both samples. Inspection of these items suggests that the anaclitic depressive experience is characterized by discomfort with interpersonal separation, whereas the introjective experience is characterized by negative self-evaluation with respect to self-imposed standards. Other putative aspects of these two depressive dimensions were not supported by this study; particularly, guilt and self-blame were not associated with introjective depression.     

Decision making, risk taking and psychological time: Review of empirical findings and psychological theory

Three domains of research (1) involvement in past and future events, (2) knowledge of the past and the future, and (3) value as a function of time (discounting) were used to elucidate man's limitations when he makes decisions based on earlier experience with consequences in the close and distant future. Evidence from all three areas illustrate that man is captured in a narrow time-space sphere around "here and now".—One consequence of this limitation is that risk-willingness increases the longer ahead the outcome of a decision is likely to occur. To specify, the less we are involved in, the less we know of and the less the consequences are evaluated the larger is our willingness to make decisions with future risks. Learning from experience seems to play a minor role in improving decision making. Ill-defined problems and non-distinct outcomes make "economic man" fairly useless as a norm for decision making in decisions with longranging effects and of a non-repititive character.—The paper ends with a discussion of strategies that can compensate for the limitations of distal cognition.     

管理者大五人格与心理契约违背对辱虐管理的影响:基于特质激发理论的实证分析

基于特质激发理论探讨管理者人格特质和心理契约违背对实施辱虐管理的影响,并进一步分析了管理者人格特质与心理契约违背之间的交互作用对辱虐管理的影响。以213份两轮时点的配对问卷为样本,通过多元线性回归方法进行实证检验,结果表明:(1)管理者的亲和力对辱虐管理有显著的负向作用,而神经质则对辱虐管理有显著的正向作用;(2)管理者心理契约违背对辱虐管理有显著的正向影响;(3)心理契约违背不但调节了管理者亲和力与辱虐管理之间的负向联系,还调节了神经质与辱虐管理之间的正向联系。     

Further explorations in empowerment theory: An empirical analysis of psychological empowerment

Developed empowerment theory and replicated previous research on citizen participation and perceived control. Few investigators have designed studies that specifically test empowerment theory. This research further extends a theoretical model of psychological empowerment that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components, by studying a large randomly selected urban and suburban community sample and examining race differences. Results suggest that one underlying dimension that combines different measures of perceived control may be interpreted as the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment, because it distinguishes groups defined by their level of participation in community organizations and activities (behavioral component). The association found between the intrapersonal and behavioral components is consistent with empowerment theory. Interaction effects between race groups and participation suggest that participation may be more strongly associated with the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment for African Americans than for white individuals. Implications for empowerment theory and intervention design are discussed. The authors express appreciation to Steven Rosenstone who was the Principal Investigator for the Detroit Area Study from which the data for our study is based. We also thank Deborah A. Salem and the anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this paper.     

Meaning in life and psychological well-being: an empirical study using the Chinese version of the Purpose in Life questionnaire.

The Chinese version of the Purpose in Life questionnaire (C-PIL) was administered to 2,150 Chinese secondary school students, along with other instruments assessing psychiatric symptoms and positive mental health. Total C-PIL and its two subscales, Quality of Existence (QEXIST) and Purpose of Existence (PEXIST), correlated significantly with all measures of psychological well-being. Relative to PEXIST scores, QEXIST scores were found to be more predictive of psychological well-being. Subjects with different existential status (defined by high vs. low levels of QEXIST and PEXIST) were associated with different degrees of psychological well-being. The concept of meaning in life, as indexed by the C-PIL, and the hypothesis that life meaning is related to psychological well-being require further elaboration and refinement.     

Cognitive arithmetic: a review of data and theory.

The area of cognitive arithmetic is concerned with the mental representation of number and arithmetic, and the processes and procedures that access and use this knowledge. In this article, I provide a tutorial review of the area, first discussing the four basic empirical effects that characterize the evidence on cognitive arithmetic: the effects of problem size or difficulty, errors, relatedness, and strategies of processing. I then review three current models of simple arithmetic processing and the empirical reports that support or challenge their explanations. The third section of the review discusses the relationship between basic fact retrieval and a rule-based component or system, and considers current evidence and proposals on the overall architecture of the cognitive arithmetic system. The review concludes with a final set of speculations about the all-pervasive problem difficulty effect, still a central puzzle in the field.     

Original and cumulative prospect theory: a discussion of empirical differences

This paper discusses differences between prospect theory and cumulative prospect theory. It shows that cumulative prospect theory is not merely a formal correction of some theoretical problems in prospect theory, but it also gives different predictions. Some experiments by Lola Lopes are re-analyzed, and are demonstrated to favor cumulative prospect theory over prospect theory. It turns out that the mathematical form of cumulative prospect theory is well suited for modeling the psychological phenomenon of diminishing sensitivity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于道德认同理论的绿色消费心理机制

环境问题的加剧使得人们广泛关注如何保护人类赖以生存的生态环境。消费者在环保事业中扮演着举足轻重的角色。虽然,国内外已有一些关于绿色消费的研究,但是,对绿色消费心理机制的探究还不够系统和深入。借助社会认知视角下的道德认同理论探讨影响消费者绿色消费的心理机制,主要包括三方面的内容:(1)探索道德认同与绿色消费的中间机制,以及这一中间机制发挥作用的边界条件;(2)考察调节道德认同与绿色消费关系的变量;(3)检验道德认同表征与道德认同内化对绿色消费影响有何差异。基于社会认知视角下道德认同理论探讨绿色消费心理机制不仅可以丰富和发展道德认同和绿色消费相关理论体系,而且为政府和企业如何引导消费者的绿色消费提供了切实可行的建议。     

Postscript: A good psychological theory of reasoning must predict behavior and explain the data

In their stimulating comment on Barrouillet, Gauffroy, and Lecas Oberauer and Oaksford argued that we gave no rationale for the assumption that the mental models of false-antecedent cases have a different epistemic status from the p q model and that no new computational level account of the conditional was provided to justify this move. The resulting lack of coherent principles would undermine the heuristic power of the mental model theory and lead to unacceptable consequences. Though our theory probably presents many weaknesses, it is false to assume that we did not give any rationale for the truth value gap of conditionals. Our proposal elaborates the distinction between initial and fleshed-out models that is at the core of the theory from its very beginning (Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991), and assumes that people consider those cases that match the initial model as making the conditional true whereas the cases that match the models added through fleshing out are judged as leaving its truth value indeterminate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).     

The epistemic status of inter-item correlations in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire: the a priori versus the empirical in psychological data

Judgements of the semantic relatedness of items in Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire and the corresponding inter-item correlations were found to be significantly related. The results are taken to indicate that the inter-item correlations are knowable a priori and, hence, are not empirical. It is also argued that the reported findings themselves are knowable a priori , and that the study, therefore, is pseudoempirical, that is, attempts to test necessarily true propositions empirically. The study was intended to demonstrate concretely the distinction between a priori and empirical in psychological data, and to indicate the confusion arising when that distinction is not made.     

基于社交媒体数据的心理指标识别建模:机器学习的方法

心理指标识别建模是基于海量数据结合计算机机器学习算法识别心理特征的一种新兴方式。由于传统纸笔测量方式所存在的诸多限制,本文对基于社交媒体数据的心理建模方法及应用于心理测量的可行性进行综述,介绍了特征及提取方法、常用机器学习算法以及应用场景,并对心理指标识别建模的优势和不足进行了总结与展望。该测量方法基于社交媒体数据,相比自我报告法具有时效性高、可回溯测量、生态效度好等独特优势。然而,基于社交媒体的心理指标识别建模方法也在学习成本、硬件成本等方面存在局限性。未来研究人员需要进一步探索社会媒体信息与用户心理变量间的关联机制,并将心理指标识别模型同传统心理学研究方法结合进行更多的探索和应用。心理指标识别建模结合心理测量基本原理和计算机领域机器学习的技术,将为心理学研究打开一扇新的大门。     

From theory to application and back again: implications of research on medical expertise for psychological theory.

Research directed at an understanding of medical expertise is about 30 years old, and many developments in this literature parallel progress in cognitive psychology. Over the past 15 years or so, this research became much more closely identified with particular psychological theories. Initial forays into medicine were essentially direct applications of methods developed in the psychology lab to the more natural domain of medicine, with varying degrees of success. These attempts were followed by a second wave that took the psychological theories themselves more seriously in a more thoughtful application of psychological methods to the medical domain. I will argue in the present paper that the methods and theories used in the study of medical expertise have advanced to the point that there is some reverse flow and they are providing a unique and valuable perspective on the nature of thinking.     

Interpretation of significance levels by psychological researchers: the .05 cliff effect may be overstated

Comments about previous studies indicate that the interpretation of significance levels by psychological researchers is unequivocally dictated by a binary decision-making framework. In particular, confidence in ap level would drop abruptly just beyond the fateful .05 level (cliff effect). A replication of Rosenthal and Gaito’s (1963) experiment on the degree of confidence inp levels shows that these claims should be moderated. Detailed analysis of individual curves reveals that the attitude of researchers towardp values is far from being as homogeneous as might be expected. However, most psychological researchers in our study rated graduated confidence judgments, as either exponential or linear. Only a minority ofall-or-none respondents exhibited an abrupt drop in confidence.     

Historical overview of child discipline in the United States: Implications for mental health clinicians and researchers

Discipline of children is a major topic of concern in our society. This paper places discipline in a historical perspective by briefly tracing disciplinary practices from the 1600s to the present day in the United States. Four primary trends are then delineated. These include the following: movement from strict discipline to lax discipline to mixed messages concerning discipline; determinants of discipline changing from Puritan religious beliefs to experts in fields such as psychology; the increasing role of legislative efforts focusing on children's rights; and the changing role of fathers in childrearing in general and discipline in particular. Viewed against such a historical account, implications for mental health professionals in shaping disciplinary practices are offered. These include generating data to provide needed answers and assuming an active role in setting policy.