Affiliation motivation: people who need people ... but in different ways

The Interpersonal Orientation Scale was developed to focus on four dimensions assumed to underlie affiliation motivation: social comparison, emotional support, positive stimulation, and attention. Factor analyses basically supported the proposed multidimensional construct. Evidence for the validity of the four dimensions was provided by their correlations with measures of constructs conceptually related to affiliation motivation and their lack of correlation with measures conceptually unrelated to affiliation motivation. Moreover, in a laboratory study, each motivational subscale tended to correlate most highly with role-played responses in a situation affording the relevant incentive type. Future research on social motivation and interaction will profit from identifying the particular incentives that are salient in a giving setting.     

Trait perspective-taking and need for cognition in the formation of stereotypes about people who stutter

People who stutter (PWS) suffer from stereotypes portraying them as timid and anxious, which may affect their relationships and careers. One of the mechanisms for this stereotyping is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, whereby individuals make judgements about PWS by using previous experiences for the initial judgement and then adjust accordingly. In the current study (n = 309) we replicate previous findings that individuals stereotype PWS by anchoring to experiences with episodic stuttering and adjusting toward typical non-stuttering individuals, although insufficiently. We extend this finding by testing whether trait perspective-taking and need for cognition moderate this relationship. The results show that trait perspective-taking decreases stereotyping of non-PWS, while having no effect on PWS stereotyping. However, need for cognition exhibited no consistent moderating effect on stereotyping.     

儿童、中青年及老年人心理旋转能力的比较研究

采用12套不同视觉形状图形,探讨了儿童(7—9岁,均龄8岁)、中青年(23—47岁,均龄31．3岁)及老年人(61—79岁,均龄65．6岁)的心理旋转能力。结果表明不同年龄段被试的心理旋转能力存在明显差异。无论是对图形方位匹配判断的准确性还是完成判断任务的速度,中青年组被试的成绩均明显优于其他两组被试。儿童组被试在完成判断的速度上明显优于老年组,但在准确性方面两者不存在明显差异。各个年龄组的成绩均不存在性别差异。     

管子的民本思想和民生问题

在推进我国当代政治文明建设的进程中,古代齐文化中的民本思想有许多科学的合理的成分值得我们积极借鉴和吸收,党的十七大进一步升华了这种民本思想,创新地全面部署民生问题。     

Situation selection is a particularly effective emotion regulation strategy for people who need help regulating their emotions

Situation selection involves choosing situations based on their likely emotional impact and may be less cognitively taxing or challenging to implement compared to other strategies for regulating emotion, which require people to regulate their emotions “in the moment”; we thus predicted that individuals who chronically experience intense emotions or who are not particularly competent at employing other emotion regulation strategies would be especially likely to benefit from situation selection. Consistent with this idea, we found that the use of situation selection interacted with individual differences in emotional reactivity and competence at emotion regulation to predict emotional outcomes in both a correlational (Study 1; N?=?301) and an experimental field study (Study 2; N?=?125). Taken together, the findings suggest that situation selection is an effective strategy for regulating emotions, especially for individuals who otherwise struggle to do so.     

Motivated gratitude and the need to belong: Social exclusion increases gratitude for people low in trait entitlement

Motivation and Emotion - Three studies examined effects of social exclusion on reactions to receiving an unexpected gift. Trait Psychological Entitlement was also measured as a potential moderator...     

People don't keep their heads still when looking to one side, and other people can tell

Twenty pairs of photographs were made of adults looking 25 degrees to the left and 25 degrees to the right while attempting to face forwards. The eye regions of each photograph were concealed. Twenty adults attempted to sort each pair into left-looking and right-looking pictures. They were successful 65% of the time, p < 0.001. This suggests models have difficulty looking to one side without a perceptible head turn or comparable facial cue. This previously unrecognised phenomenon has implications for research on detection of gaze.     

Voices :‘A lot of people need someone to talk to.’

The quotations in the three “Voices” photo essays are excerpted from interviews conducted by Steve Boyd and Terry Casteel, guest editors of this special issue. They spoke with people on the street, in schools, and in many other settings, asking them about their needs and about their views of counseling.     

People who help people: A needs assessment of those who provide interpersonal support to individuals with chronic illnesses

Social support during an ongoing illness has been shown to be beneficial for both the provider and the receiver, but people often struggle with offering effective, appropriate support. There is a lack of communication-focused training not specifically tied to caregiving or training that is designed for all social network members of a person experiencing a chronic illness, which we call interpersonal support providers (ISPs). We conducted a concurrent mixed-methods needs assessment, surveying both ISPs and support receivers, to understand communicative challenges and inform an evidence-based intervention. Analysis of results from an online survey (N_providers = 91, N_receivers = 97), consisting of five open-ended and 15 quantitative items, suggests that ISPs have difficulty managing their worries and emotions while providing comfort to others, which may impact support quality. In addition, ISPs and receivers both identify “listening” as a key skill for ISPs to hone, though ISPs feel they are more skilled at listening than receivers say they are. Lastly, ISPs feel they are good at sharing information and advice, but receivers often perceive it as patronizing or unhelpful. These results will inform the creation of an intervention for everyone offering emotional, esteem, and informational support to individuals with chronic illnesses.     

Proactive People Are Morning People1

Proactivity is the willingness and ability to take action to change a situation to one's advantage and has been studied in a wide range of contexts. The role of chronotype on proactivity has not been assessed. Individual differences in circadian rhythms have been widely acknowledged and are accepted as an interesting facet of human personality. Morning people were more proactive than evening types, and people with small differences in rise time between weekdays and free days were also more proactive persons. Sleep length (on weekdays and on free days) and total time spent in weekend oversleep did not show any relationship with proactivity. These results suggest that morning people are more proactive than are evening types.     

The benefits of need satisfaction depend on their relative importance for people with a unidimensional identity: an idiographic analysis

Motivation and Emotion - Self-determination theory proposes that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs is equally beneficial for everyone – the Universal Hypothesis. Equally, there...     

Independence training,need achievement and need affiliation

American white and American Indian grade school boys and girls from the North Central Plains are studied. The previously shown significant and positive relationship between high need achievement and low need affiliation is hypothesized to be a culturally based and sex related phenomenon. The early training of Plains Indian children especially that of boys emphasizes early independence rather than either affiliation or achievement. As hypothesized, it was found in this study both that white children had significantly higher need affiliation scores than Indian children and that boys indicated higher need achievement than girls, indicating cultural and sexual differences. It appeared also that success is a more potent condition for Indian boys in intensifying need achievement scores, whereas failure intensifies the need achievement scores of white children. This suggests that perceived success and failure operate differentially between these cultural groups. Other results also corroborate earlier findings of the culture bias of « standard » intelligence tests.