发展性阅读障碍的ERP研究

发展性阅读障碍,ERP,语音缺陷假说,Oddball范式。行为实验已经发现,语音能力的缺损是拼音文字发展性阅读障碍的核心。然而近年来行为研究和神经生理学的研究也发现,发展性阅读障碍与基本知觉障碍有关。事件相关电位（event-related potentials ,简称ERP）作为一种独特的电生理学研究手段,从一个更为直观的角度验证了行为实验的结果,推动了发展性阅读障碍的进展。语言认知水平ERP研究表明,发展性阅读障碍者在存在语音加工和信息整合的缺陷。感知觉加工层次的ERP研究结果则不尽一致,有的研究发现,阅读障碍存在着基本的听觉加工缺陷;有的研究则发现发展性阅读障碍存在言语声音加工的缺陷,而对非言语声音的加工与正常读者没有显著差别;有的研究支持大细胞通路受损假说,发现阅读障碍在低对比度和低空间频率上存在视觉加工的缺陷,有的研究结果则没有发现发展性阅读障碍者与正常读者在不同对比度和空间频率上的差异。     

音乐之脑

回顾并总结了近年来对音乐认知神经基础的研究结果,包括人类感知乐曲的音高、理解音乐的结构和意义中的脑基础,音乐家和普通人在音乐认知上的脑功能差异,以及东西方听众在聆听本土和非本土音乐时的脑活动差异,并对国内利用脑功能成像技术和事件相关电位技术研究音乐认知的前景作出展望     

语言和音乐中短语边界的认知加工

综述了近年来语言和音乐中有关短语边界加工的一些研究成果。首先,语言中使用事件相关电位技术（ERP）进行的众多研究表明,口语中的语调短语边界和阅读中的逗号都能诱发中止正漂移（CPS）这种反映语调短语中止的ERP成分。然后介绍了近期关于音乐短语结构的一系列ERP和事件相关磁场（ERF）研究,结果发现在各种实验条件下音乐CPS都能够稳定产生。最后,对今后汉语韵律层级结构边界的认知加工研究做出展望     

内源性注意定向对立体视觉加工影响机制的ERP研究

本研究采用行为测量与ERP分析相结合的范式,以视差分离方式、线索提示有效性为自变量,考察三维空间中内源性注意定向对立体视觉加工的影响及其脑电机制。结果发现：无论是短SOA还是长SOA,3D空间中预测性中央符号线索对后续辨认任务均产生了启动效应,且启动效应量不随SOA延长而变化。短SOA下,经典提示效应和跨深度提示效应均表现为有效提示下的N1波幅大于无效提示条件;长SOA下,线索提示效应则表现出了无效提示条件诱发较大N1波幅的趋势。     

Event-related potential data acquisition on the Apple II+/IIe

Event-related potential (ERP) research is a valuable technique for understanding neural mechanisms underlying cognition. With few exceptions, this research has used minicomputer-based data-acquisition systems, thus limiting ERP research to labs with large computers. The hardware and software presented here allow the Apple II+ or Apple IIe microcomputers to present stimuli and collect data from as many as three electrode sites. A fourth electrode site may be used to monitor eyeblinks and allows the exclusion of those trials in which an eyeblink occurs. After the data are collected and averaged, they are stored by subject, task, and electrode on disk where they subsequently may be displayed, analyzed, or downloaded to a mainframe computer.     

词汇的获得年龄效应:ERP研究

采用听觉呈现条件下的词汇判断任务和ERP技术探讨了汉语双字词获得年龄效应。结果发现:1)在行为数据上,同晚获得词相比,早获得词的反应时更短且错误率更低。2)在ERP数据上,早获得词和晚获得词所诱发的LPC(800m s~1000m s)的平均波幅存在显著差异,同晚获得词相比,早获得词所诱发的LPC波幅更大,且这种差异主要是在中央顶区,说明获得年龄是影响汉语双字词识别的一个重要因素,获得年龄效应出现在认知加工进程的后期。     

情绪词加工过程及其情绪效应特点：ERP的证据

语言是传递情绪信息的重要媒介, 探讨情绪语言的加工过程一直是情绪研究的重点。文章聚焦于情绪词加工的ERP研究, 介绍了情绪词加工中的ERP成分、效价与唤醒度的作用关系, 以及情绪词情绪效应的特点。情绪词加工的ERP成分包括非常早期的P1-N1成分, 早期的EPN成分和晚期的LPP成分; 效价和唤醒度均在情绪词加工中具有重要作用, 但两者的关系还未得到一致结论。相比情绪图片, 情绪词加工所引发的情绪效应更弱, 并且存在积极效价偏向。今后的研究还需进一步探讨影响情绪词情绪效应产生的相关因素; 进一步区分情绪标注词和情绪负载词, 探讨两类情绪词加工的异同。此外, 结合眼动追踪技术探讨自然语境中的情绪词加工机制也是未来研究的一个重要方向。     

Comparison of Common Amplitude Metrics in Event-Related Potential Analysis

Abstract

Waveform data resulting from time-intensive longitudinal designs require careful treatment. In particular, the statistical properties of summary metrics in this area are crucial. We draw on event-related potential (ERP) studies, a field with a relatively long history of collecting and analyzing such data, to illustrate our points. In particular, three summary measures for a component in the average ERP waveform feature prominently in the literature: the maximum (or peak amplitude), the average (or mean amplitude) and a combination (or adaptive mean). We discuss the methodological divide associated with these summary measures. Through both analytic work and simulation study, we explore the properties (e.g., Type I and Type II errors) of these competing metrics for assessing the amplitude of an ERP component across experimental conditions. The theoretical and simulation-based arguments in this article illustrate how design (e.g., number of trials per condition) and analytic (e.g., window location) choices affect the behavior of these amplitude summary measures in statistical tests and highlight the need for transparency in reporting the analytic steps taken. There is an increased need for analytic tools for waveform data. As new analytic methods are developed to address these time-intensive longitudinal data, careful treatment of the statistical properties of summary metrics used for null hypothesis testing is crucial.     

言语产生过程中语义、语音激活的ERP研究

使用ERP技术考察了言语产生过程中语音和语义的激活情况。图片上有3种条件的干扰词,分别与目标图片名称形成3种关系:语义相关,语音相同,语义、语音、字形都不相关。结果显示,当被试执行延迟命名任务(实验1)时,与目标图片名称语义相关和控制条件的波形比语音相关的波形更趋于负向。说明在图片命名过程中语音有明显的促进作用。当要求被试对上述图片进行延迟语义判断任务(实验2)时,与目标图片名称语义相关、语音相关及控制条件的波形之间无明显差异。说明在语义提取过程中没有语音的促进作用。综合实验1和实验2,本研究的结果更倾向于支持独立两阶段模型。     

Neuroscientific Measures of Covert Behavior

In radical behaviorism, the difference between overt and covert responses does not depend on properties of the behavior but on the sensitivity of the measurement tools employed by the experimenter. Current neuroscientific research utilizes technologies that allow measurement of variables that are undetected by the tools typically used by behavior analysts. Data from a specific neuroscientific technique, event-related potential (ERP), suggest that emission of otherwise covert responses can be indexed and that such covert responses are sensitive to stimulus control and selection by consequences. The P3 ERP effect is proposed as indicative of emission. Moreover, ERP results in semantic priming experiments suggest that operants are sensitive to changes in stimulus control even when they are not emitted (latent responses). Changes in response strength of latent responses as a function of stimulus control can in fact be measured by reaction time data and an ERP dependent variable called the N400 effect. If the interpretations provided in this paper are accurate, an index of covertly emitted operants (P3 effect) constitutes experimental evidence suggesting the validity of a Skinnerian radical behaviorist perspective on behavior. Moreover, in a Skinnerian paradigm, measured fluctuations in the response strength of latent operants as a function of environmental changes (N400 effect) would validate Palmer's (2009) concept of the repertoire.     

Electrophysiological correlates of prosody and punctuation

Psycholinguistic models of sentence parsing are primarily based on reading rather than auditory processing data. Moreover, both prosodic information and its potential orthographic equivalent, i.e., punctuation, have been largely ignored until recently. The unavailability of experimental online methods is one likely reason for this neglect. Here I give an overview of six event-related brain potential (ERP) studies demonstrating that the processing of both prosodic boundaries in natural speech and commas during silent reading can determine syntax parsing immediately. In ERPs, speech boundaries and commas reliably elicit a similar online brain response, termed the Closure Positive Shift (CPS). This finding points to a common mechanism, suggesting that commas serve as visual triggers for covert phonological phrasing. Alternative CPS accounts are tested and the relationship between the CPS and other ERP components, including the P600/SPS, is addressed.     

Default categorization of outgroup faces and the other race effect: Commentary on the special issue

This commentary addresses how studies examining the neurophysiological correlates of racial categorization can provide insight into the neurocognitive mechanisms of the other-race effect in recognition memory. Several articles in the special issue describe how event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine processing of faces that vary according to race, some of which have concluded that larger ERP amplitudes elicited by other-race (relative to own-race) faces indicates less efficient visual processing of other-race faces. I describe findings from ERP studies of race categorization that suggest an alternative interpretation–that other-race faces elicit stronger categorization, which impedes individuation of other-race faces. Suggestions for future research are offered.     

人类工作记忆的事件相关电位研究

20世纪90年代以来,采用ERP技术对人类工作记忆脑机制的研究已取得大量的成果。主要探讨了特定类型的工作记忆（词语、空间、客体工作记忆）是否存在与其贮存、复述以及中央执行功能相关的特异性ERP成分,并从它们的时间进程及头皮分布来考察工作记忆的心理过程和神经机制。研究结果对于Baddeley的认知结构模型提供了有益的修正和补充。     

物体分类任务中线索效应的ERP研究

本实验采用ERP技术,对图片分类任务中的线索效应进行研究。实验任务为:图形形状判断、动物/非动物判断。靶刺激图片前呈现线索。线索分为有效线索、无效线索和中性线索。结果发现:(1)有效线索条件下对靶刺激的早期知觉再认得到易化——知觉加工成分波幅下降;(2)有效线索条件下,靶刺激中与任务相关的信息得到加工——任务相关的特异性成分增强。有效线索易化对靶刺激的知觉辨认,提取与线索提供背景相关的信息,促进行为反应。     

继时呈现条件下类别归纳过程的ERPs研究

采用ERP技术对继时呈现条件下类别归纳过程进行了实验研究.使用几何图形为材料,18名被试在单维属性不告知、单维属性告知、双维属性不告知三种条件下完成类别归纳任务.通过对相关ERP成分的分析得出以下结论:(1)在继时呈现归纳材料的情况下,对刺激的加工是在已有背景基础上对后来呈现的刺激进行选择性加工,从而形成类别;(2)成年人与儿童在类别归纳中认知加工方式可能存在不同,当类别归纳的复杂程度增加时,即在需要归纳的属性从一个变为两个的时候,成年人仍然倾向于通过归纳出类别判断规则用于分类任务,而非通过相似性进行判断;(3)继时呈现材料条件下类别归纳任务中出现的P400可能是标志类别归纳过程完成的ERP成分,而且与对刺激属性加工具体过程无关.     

Potentials and limitations of cognitive treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a well-established treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it is not completely effective for many patients, and some do not benefit from or tolerate this treatment. Over the past 3 decades there has been growing interest in using cognitive interventions, either as adjuncts or alternatives to exposure-based treatments such as ERP, to address these shortcomings. Cognitive therapy and cognitive behavior therapy for OCD have both demonstrated greater efficacy than no treatment at all, and appear to have a lower incidence of dropout than ERP. Unfortunately, however, for the average OCD patient, cognitive interventions have not improved treatment efficacy; that is, cognitive interventions, either alone or combined with ERP, are no more effective than ERP alone. Reasons for this disappointing result are considered, and indications for the use of cognitive interventions are discussed. Future research directions are suggested in order to evaluate more fully the merits of, and indications for, cognitive methods for treating OCD.     

A Brief Motivational Intervention for Treatment‐Refusing OCD Patients

Cognitive behavioral therapy involving exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the psychosocial treatment of choice for obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite this, ERP is not widely used by mental health practitioners, and so dissemination of ERP and other empirically supported treatment (ESTs) has become a priority. Even so, utilization of ESTs such as ERP remains below 50% even among therapists who self‐identify as having a cognitive behavioral orientation. Barriers to the acceptance of ERP include practical obstacles such as lack of training and the cost of treatment, but also patient variables such as treatment refusal. It has been estimated that approximately 25% of OCD patients refuse ERP. This paper describes a brief, 4‐session readiness intervention (RI) designed to decrease ERP refusal among patients with OCD. In this study, 12 patients with OCD who had refused ERP were randomized to RI or wait‐list (WL). 86% of participants in the RI condition and 20% of participants in WL condition agreed to begin ERP following the 4‐week period. ERP following RI, but not WL, was associated with a decrease in OCD symptoms comparable to that observed in OCD patients who did not refuse ERP. However, ERP following RI was associated with a high drop‐out rate (50%), a figure that exceeds that typically seen in OCD treatment studies. Techniques to reduce drop‐out as well as directions for future research are discussed.     

A brief motivational intervention for treatment-refusing OCD patients

Cognitive behavioral therapy involving exposure and response prevention (ERP) is the psychosocial treatment of choice for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite this, ERP is not widely used by mental health practitioners, and so dissemination of ERP and other empirically supported treatment (ESTs) has become a priority. Even so, utilization of ESTs such as ERP remains below 50% even among therapists who self-identify as having a cognitive behavioral orientation. Barriers to the acceptance of ERP include practical obstacles such as lack of training and the cost of treatment, but also patient variables such as treatment refusal. It has been estimated that approximately 25% of OCD patients refuse ERP. This paper describes a brief, 4-session readiness intervention (RI) designed to decrease ERP refusal among patients with OCD. In this study, 12 patients with OCD who had refused ERP were randomized to RI or wait-list (WL). 86% of participants in the RI condition and 20% of participants in WL condition agreed to begin ERP following the 4-week period. ERP following RI, but not WL, was associated with a decrease in OCD symptoms comparable to that observed in OCD patients who did not refuse ERP. However, ERP following RI was associated with a high drop-out rate (50%), a figure that exceeds that typically seen in OCD treatment studies. Techniques to reduce drop-out as well as directions for future research are discussed.     

利用时频分析研究非相位锁定脑电活动

时频分析技术自20世纪80年代被引入到心理学脑电数据分析领域以来, 克服了传统的时域ERP方法只能分析相位锁定成分的缺陷, 可以帮助研究者挖掘到脑电信号中非相位锁定的成分。在心理学领域, 应用最多的时频分析方法是小波变换和Hilbert变换, 而能量、相位一致性和耦合是三个最常用的分析指标。研究者利用不同的分析指标来揭示不同的心智过程。不同频段的能量被认为体现了不同的认知过程, 如α能量被发现与注意选择性有关, 而γ能量则与特征整合相关。相位一致性常被用于讨论ERP产生的机制。耦合则通常说明了长距离脑区之间的信息交流以及高级脑区对低级脑区的认知控制, 在完成各种复杂认知任务的时候会表现出不同的耦合模式。