Three-channel convolutional neural networks for vegetable leaf disease recognition

The color information of diseased leaf is the main basis for leaf based plant disease recognition. To make use of color information, a novel three-channel convolutional neural networks (TCCNN) model is constructed by combining three color components for vegetable leaf disease recognition. In the model, each channel of TCCNN is fed by one of three color components of RGB diseased leaf image, the convolutional feature in each CNN is learned and transmitted to the next convolutional layer and pooling layer in turn, then the features are fused through a fully connected fusion layer to get a deep-level disease recognition feature vector. Finally, a softmax layer makes use of the feature vector to classify the input images into the predefined classes. The proposed method can automatically learn the representative features from the complex diseased leaf images, and effectively recognize vegetable diseases. The experimental results validate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods of the vegetable leaf disease recognition.     

Deep learning based liver cancer detection using watershed transform and Gaussian mixture model techniques

ObjectivesLiver cancer is one of the leading cause of death in all over the world. Detecting the cancer tissue manually is a difficult task and time consuming. Hence, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is used in decision making process for accurate detection for appropriate therapy. Therefore the main objective of this work is to detect the liver cancer accurately using automated method.MethodsIn this work, we have proposed a new system called as watershed Gaussian based deep learning (WGDL) technique for effective delineate the cancer lesion in computed tomography (CT) images of the liver. A total of 225 images were used in this work to develop the proposed model. Initially, the liver was separated using marker controlled watershed segmentation process and finally the cancer affected lesion was segmented using the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) algorithm. After tumor segmentation, various texture features were extracted from the segmented region. These segmented features were fed to deep neural network (DNN) classifier for automated classification of three types of liver cancer i.e. hemangioma (HEM), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastatic carcinoma (MET).ResultsWe have achieved a classification accuracy of 99.38%, Jaccard index of 98.18%, at 200 epochs using DNN classifier with a negligible validation loss of 0.062 during the classification process.ConclusionsOur developed system is ready to be tested with huge database and can aid the radiologist in detecting the liver cancer using CT images.     

GIRK1在宫颈癌组织细胞中的表达

探求内向整流型钾离子通道1（GIRK1）与宫颈癌发生发展的关系.利用RT-PCR及免疫组织化学技术检测GIRK1 mRNA及蛋白在15例正常宫颈和30例宫颈癌组织细胞中的表达.GIRK1 mRNA在宫颈癌组织中的表达高于在正常宫颈组织中的表达,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;GIRK1蛋白在宫颈癌组织中的阳性表达率为100%,在正常宫颈组织中的阳性表达率为20%,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.GIRK1 mRNA及蛋白在宫颈癌组织中呈高表达,可能与宫颈癌的发生及发展有关.     

Optimized cuttlefish algorithm for diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease

This paper presents an optimized cuttlefish algorithm for feature selection based on the traditional cuttlefish algorithm, which can be used for diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease at its early stage. Parkinson is a central nervous system disorder, caused due to the loss of brain cells. Parkinson's disease is incurable and could eventually lead to death but medications can help to control symptoms and elongate the patient's life to some extent. The proposed model uses the traditional cuttlefish algorithm as a search strategy to ascertain the optimal subset of features. The decision tree and k-nearest neighbor classifier as a judgment on the selected features. The Parkinson speech with multiple types of sound recordings and Parkinson Handwriting sample’s datasets are used to evaluate the proposed model. The proposed algorithm can be used in predicting the Parkinson’s disease with an accuracy of approximately 94% and help individual to have proper treatment at early stage. The experimental result reveals that the proposed bio-inspired algorithm finds an optimal subset of features, maximizing the accuracy, minimizing number of features selected and is more stable.     

Is there a religious factor in health?

This paper reviews epidemiologic studies employing religion as an independent construct, and finds that most epidemiologists have an extremely limited appreciation of religion. After a historical overview of empirical religion and health research, some theoretical considerations are offered, followed by clarification of several operational and methodological issues. Next, well over 200 studies are reviewed from nine health-related areas: cardiovascular disease, hypertension and stroke, colitis and enteritis, general health status, general mortality, cancer of the uterine corpus and cervix, all other non-uterine cancers, morbidity and mortality in the clergy, and cancer in India. Finally, an agenda for further research is proposed.     

Breast cancer and cerebral laterality

In reviewing and summarizing work at our institution, we have identified some surprising consistencies in patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer shows four features of cerebral laterality: excess left-handedness, atypical season-of-birth patterns, the risk factor of advanced maternal age, and an association with prenatal sex hormones. Since hypopigmentation also relates to cerebral laterality, a consequence of the association of breast cancer and cerebral laterality is that eye color should be measured as a function of side of disease and age at diagnosis in women with breast cancer.     

The role of first- and second-order stimulus features for human overt attention

When processing complex visual input, human observers sequentially allocate their attention to different subsets of the stimulus. What are the mechanisms and strategies that guide this selection process? We investigated the influence of various stimulus features on human overt attention--that is, attention related to shifts of gaze with natural color images and modified versions thereof. Our experimental modifications, systematic changes of hue across the entire image, influenced only the global appearance of the stimuli, leaving the local features under investigation unaffected. We demonstrated that these modifications consistently reduce the subjective interpretation of a stimulus as "natural" across observers. By analyzing fixations, we found that first-order features, such as luminance contrast, saturation, and color contrast along either of the cardinal axes, correlated to overt attention in the modified images. In contrast, no such correlation was found in unmodified outdoor images. Second-order luminance contrast ("texture contrast") correlated to overt attention in all conditions. However, although none of the second-order color contrasts were correlated to overt attention in unmodified images, one of the second-order color contrasts did exhibit a significant correlation in the modified images. These findings imply, on the one hand, that higher-order bottom-up effects--namely, those of second-order luminance contrast--may partially account for human overt attention. On the other hand, these results also demonstrate that global image properties, which correlate to the subjective impression of a scene being "natural," affect the guidance of human overt attention.     

Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease using modified grey wolf optimization

This paper presents the Modified Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO) algorithm which helps with the identification of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease at a premature stage. Parkinson disease is kind of a movement malady, which if not cured timely can prove to be fatal.Thus it becomes significant to identify Parkinson’s disease at its premature phase so proper medications can provide longevity to patient by controlling the symptoms. In this work, a new model named Modified Grey Wolf Optimization (MGWO) has been proposed grounded on the traditional Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), which acts as a search strategy for feature selection. GWO is a meta-heuristic algorithm which is enthused by hunt down behavior of wolves. Random forest, k-nearest neighbor classifier and decision tree espy on selected features. The proposed model is evaluated using various types of datasets of voice, handwriting (spiral and meander) and speech. The put forward algorithm helps in the prediction of Parkinson disease with an estimated accuracy of 94.83%, detection rate of 98.28%, false alarm rate of 16.03% and further aid the individuals to receive a functional treatment at an early stage. The proposed bio-inspired algorithm is stable enough to find out the optimal subset of features. At last the results derived from the evaluation of proposed algorithm on datasets are compared with the results of Optimized Cuttlefish Algorithm (OCFA). The experimental results depict that the proposed algorithm helps in maximizing the accurateness and minimizing the number of features selected.     

抑郁症的概念及分类研究历史

宫颈癌的发病率居女性恶性肿瘤的第二位,只要做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,宫颈癌是一种可以预防和治愈的疾病。认真地做好宫颈癌的普查和随诊,能够降低宫颈癌的发病率和病死率。因为宫颈液基细胞学设备简单,方法便利,阳性检出率高,目前已成为基层医疗单位开展宫颈癌普查的重要手段。提倡宫颈癌的普查是对全社会育龄妇女健康的关怀,是医学人文精神的具体体现。全社会的妇女都应享有这种人文关怀。     

大连市2004年三种慢性病重症致残者流行病学分析

总结大连市2004年三种慢性病重症致残者流行病学特征。收集需去家中体检复查的2004年以前享受三种慢性病医保补助的重症致残者临床资料及检查结果,采用描述性方法分析流行病学特征。凡患三种慢性病(高血压病、糖尿病具有合并症之一、冠心病陈旧性心肌梗死或已植入支架者)且已享受医疗补助者,复检符合诊断标准者入选。结果2004年大连市内四区参加医保总数约110万人,申报复检41283人,实际检诊人数33078人,检诊率82.52%;检诊合格人数29583人,检诊合格率70.69%。其中因重症致残报名要求需去家中体检者3199人,检诊合格者2861人,合格率89.43%。重症致残者占符合三种慢性病诊断标准人数的9.67%,约占全部参保人数的0.26%,证明三种慢性病重症致残率较高。     

浅谈影像诊断思维特征

人类的科学思维方式是一个多层次、多形态、多要素的系统。对每一种事物的认识过程都有特定的思维方式。疾病的诊断是一个主观反映客观的认识过程,反映客观的真实程度愈高,诊断的正确性愈高,而客观真实性的再现,在相当程度上取决于人的主观意识,人的主观意识又通过人的思维活动来实现。所以,人的思维在疾病的诊断中占有重要意义。而医学影像诊断思维又有其特点,即以形象思维为先导,以逻辑思维来归结,又有非逻辑思维闪现,如直觉、灵感、经验思维。只有各种思维形式有机的交叉运用,才能得出最接近真实的诊断结论。     

Symbolic comparison of color similarity

This study investigated symbolic comparison of color similarity using a triplet paradigm. Results showed that the time to choose which of two color samples is more similar to a color name was a function of several measures of distance between the samples relative to the focal color for the category name. Since colors appear to be represented in memory only as names and images and not as abstract entities such as features or propositions, these results provide support for models of symbolic comparison that assume that items are stored and compared as mental analogs.     

How chimpanzees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>) perform in a modified emotional Stroop task

The emotional Stroop task is an experimental paradigm developed to study the relationship between emotion and cognition. Human participants required to identify the color of words typically respond more slowly to negative than to neutral words (emotional Stroop effect). Here we investigated whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) would show a comparable effect. Using a touch screen, eight chimpanzees were trained to choose between two simultaneously presented stimuli based on color (two identical images with differently colored frames). In Experiment 1, the images within the color frames were shapes that were either of the same color as the surrounding frame or of the alternative color. Subjects made fewer errors and responded faster when shapes were of the same color as the frame surrounding them than when they were not, evidencing that embedded images affected target selection. Experiment 2, a modified version of the emotional Stroop task, presented subjects with four different categories of novel images: three categories of pictures of humans (veterinarian, caretaker, and stranger), and control stimuli showing a white square. Because visits by the veterinarian that include anaesthetization can be stressful for subjects, we expected impaired performance in trials presenting images of the veterinarian. For the first session, we found correct responses to be indeed slower in trials of this category. This effect was more pronounced for subjects whose last anaesthetization experience was more recent, indicating that emotional valence caused the slowdown. We propose our modified emotional Stroop task as a simple method to explore which emotional stimuli affect cognitive performance in nonhuman primates.     

Selective Exposure to Health Information: The Role of Headline Features in the Choice of Health Newsletter Articles

This study investigated how content and context features of headlines drive selective exposure when choosing between headlines of a monthly e-mail health newsletter in a naturalistic setting over a period of nine months. Study participants received a monthly e-mail newsletter and could freely open it and click any headline to read the accompanying article. In each e-mail newsletter, nine headlines competed with each other for selection. Textual and visual information of the headlines was content analyzed, and clickstream data on the headlines were collected automatically. The results showed that headlines invited more frequent audience selections when they provided efficacy-signaling information in an imperative voice, when they used a moderate number of negative emotion words, when they presented negative thumbnail images while mentioning cancer or other diseases, and when they were placed higher in position.     

Visual selection mediated by location: Selecting successive visual objects

In these experiments, each stimulus consists of a series of frames, each containing a target digit of one color and a distractor digit of another color. The task is to name the highest digit of the target color. Subjects make fewer errors when successive targets appear at the same location than when they appear at different locations, apparently because they select target objects by using a mechanism that is based on location. When successive targets appear at the same location, there is no need to “move” the selection mechanism to a new location, leaving more time to identify the stimuli. These experiments show that location-based selection is used even though selection by color would be more direct. They also demonstrate a method of measuring location-based selection that can be applied to a variety of visual tasks. Further experiments reveal that although location-based selection is used to identify a digit in the presence of a digit distractor, it is not used to identify a digit in the presence of a letter distractor, suggesting that this selection mechanism is not used in this situation to prevent interference among the basic features making up letters and digits, but to inhibit responses associated with the distractors.     

The speed and accuracy of material recognition in natural images

We studied the time course of material categorization in natural images relative to superordinate and basic-level object categorization, using a backward-masking paradigm. We manipulated several low-level features of the images—including luminance, contrast, and color—to assess their potential contributions. The results showed that the speed of material categorization was roughly comparable to the speed of basic-level object categorization, but slower than that of superordinate object categorization. The performance seemed to be crucially mediated by low-level factors, with color leading to a solid increase in performance for material categorization. At longer presentation durations, material categorization was less accurate than both types of object categorization. Taken together, our results show that material categorization can be as fast as basic-level object categorization, but is less accurate.     

Cowden Syndrome: A Critical Review of the Clinical Literature

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi-system disease involving hamartomatous overgrowth of tissues of all three embryonic origins and increased risks for thyroid, breast and possibly other cancers. Benign breast, thyroid, uterine and skin lesions are also common. Approximately 80% of patients with CS have an identifiable germline mutation in the PTEN gene. The majority of the existing data on the frequencies of component clinical features have been obtained from compilations of case reports in the literature, many of which predate the establishment in 1996 of consensus diagnostic criteria. Many of these reports also suffer from ascertainment bias which emphasized the dermatologic features of the disease. This paper presents an overview of Cowden syndrome focusing on a critical evaluation of the major literature on the component cancers, benign features, and molecular findings in CS, noting the limitations of the published data.     

What top-down task sets do for us: an ERP study on the benefits of advance preparation in visual search

When target-defining features are specified in advance, attentional target selection in visual search is controlled by preparatory top-down task sets. We used ERP measures to study voluntary target selection in the absence of such feature-specific task sets, and to compare it to selection that is guided by advance knowledge about target features. Visual search arrays contained two different color singleton digits, and participants had to select one of these as target and report its parity. Target color was either known in advance (fixed color task) or had to be selected anew on each trial (free color-choice task). ERP correlates of spatially selective attentional target selection (N2pc) and working memory processing (SPCN) demonstrated rapid target selection and efficient exclusion of color singleton distractors from focal attention and working memory in the fixed color task. In the free color-choice task, spatially selective processing also emerged rapidly, but selection efficiency was reduced, with nontarget singleton digits capturing attention and gaining access to working memory. Results demonstrate the benefits of top-down task sets: Feature-specific advance preparation accelerates target selection, rapidly resolves attentional competition, and prevents irrelevant events from attracting attention and entering working memory.     

膀胱全切除后不同尿流改道术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的辩证思考

肌层浸润性膀胱癌在膀胱全切后尿流改道术经过了3个重要阶段,即不可控尿流改道术、可控性尿流改道术以及原位膀胱重建术,这三种术式在治疗目的、手术和解剖技术上有共同之处,但在手术适应证、手术方式、手术并发症发病率上又有很大的不同。这种对立统一的关系对指导临床工作有重要意义。