Ein Versuch zur Messung richtungsspezifischer Aktivierung

Zusammenfassung 45 Schülerinnen hatten im Einzelversuch eine vorgeschriebene einfache Bewegung auszuführen, während sie sich ein zuvor projiziertes Lichtbild vorzustellen versuchten. Die Vpn achteten dabei auf ihre Vorstellungen, weil sie von Veränderungen an ihnen berichten sollten; der Vl aber achtete auf die Extension ihrer Bewegungen, die er heimlich registrierte.Je 15 Vpn hatten eine Vorwärts-, eine Armöffnungs- und eine Rückwärtsbewegung auszuführen. Für jede Versuchsgruppe wurden fünf valenzpositive und fünf valenznegative Bilder projiziert.Erwartungsgemäß variierte die Extension bei der Vorwärts- und Armöffnungsbewegung in Abhängigkeit vom Valenzvorzeichen der projizierten Bilder: sie fiel größer aus bei positiven und geringer bei negativen Bildern. Ein zusätzlicher Versuch, bei dem auch valenzneutrale Bilder dargeboten wurden, bestätigte die Vermutung, daß bei positiver Valenz Bewegungsverstärkungen und bei negativer Valenz Bewegungshemmungen vorliegen.Bei der Rückwärtsbewegung wurden größere Extensionen bei negativen und geringere bei positiven Bildern erwartet. Dieser Zusammenhang konnte jedoch nicht festgestellt werden.Die Befunde werden als Auswirkung richtungsspezifischer Aktivierungen interpretiert, die weder willkürgesteuert noch bemerkt werden. Die Phänomene werden für ausdruckspsychologisch relevant gehalten.

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Summary 45 female highschool students, tested singly, were asked to perform a simple movement while trying to have an image of a picture presented shortly before. Ss watched their images because they had to report on any change with them, while E secretely watched Ss' movements in order to measure their extension.There were three movement patterns: an approach-movement, an armspreading -movement and a retreat-movement each performed by 15 Ss. Half of the pictures were of positive valence, the other half of negative valence for the Ss.The extensions of the approach- and arm-spreading-movement varied, as expected, with the valence sign of the pictures: the extension was greater with positive and shorter with negative pictures. An additional experiment showed that the extension of movements following neutral pictures lies in between. The retreat-movement, however, did not come out as predicted.The results are interpreted as manifestations of directional activation. They are regarded as relevant for a theory of expressive movements.

     

Eigensinn und Psychose, Peer-Beratung und Psychotherapie

The narrow concepts of illness insight and compliance in psychiatry and psychotherapy will be discussed, not least because they contradict the dynamics of psychosis. Demands on therapeutic relations will be deduced from the therapeutic relationship between psychosis and ownness as well as of the experiences of untreated patients. The particular prospects of the accompaniment of a trained peer counsellor during convalescence will be represented and explained by the experiences of the Hamburg psychenet project. This new form of treatment in Germany is conceived as a supplement and not as competition to psychotherapy.     

Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie, Bildung und Erziehung

Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis form a contrast – in particular in German-speaking countries – comparable to that between education and “Bildung”: psychotherapy and education intentionally and purposefully influence the patient or pupil whereas psychoanalysis and “Bildung” pursue the ideal of a development process which is to a great extent free from outside influences. The present paper aims to show that these seemingly contrasting pairs have been artificially differentiated into extremes. Both are supposed to solve the following paradoxes: the educational paradox “How is freedom possible under constraint?” and the psychoanalytical paradox “How is independence possible under dependency?” It might, however, be possible to overcome the unfruitful contrast in both cases and to keep the feared paradox in abeyance.     

Ursprung und Entwicklung,Typen und Funktionen der Zeichen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Elternschaft, Krebs und Kindersorgen

Background

The diagnosis of parental cancer may destabilize the whole family, parents and children as well. The Hamburg children of somatically ill parents (COSIP) intervention supports parental skills and adaptation of children to the situation. There is currently no evidence for criteria to determine which family members should be involved in the COSIP intervention, predominantly the parents (parent setting), the children (child setting) or both (family setting).

Aim of the study

Data from a multicentre study were analyzed with respect to the predominant intervention settings, the correlation between setting and aims of intervention as well as variables that predict the involvement of children in the intervention.

Material and methods

A total of 203 documented cases were analyzed. Different variables that had been documented by the therapists were included in a regression analysis model in order to identify predictive variables.

Results

In 142 cases the intervention was carried out in a specific intervention setting. In 57?% of the cases children were involved (32?% family setting and 25?% child setting). A systematic relationship between the reported intervention aims and the intervention setting was not detected. The most powerful predictor was the existence of emotional problems of children as reported by the child itself.

Conclusions

Decision-making on intervention settings should therefore take the assessment of emotional symptoms of children by the means of age-appropriate self-reporting tools into consideration. Further investigations are needed to reveal variables concerning needs, motivation and capabilities of the family members as well as institutional conditions.     

Sprache, Neurowissenschaften und Psychoanalyse

In this article some general thoughts on the application of language in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy will be expressed against the background of the most recent findings in linguistics, neurolinguistics and neuroscience. The conclusion is that consideration of the subsymbolic/symbolic linguistic development of a child and the affective coordination between child and environment is of fundamental importance in the psychotherapeutic relationship.     

Sehen, Sichtbarkeit und empirische Forschung

Vision, Visibility, and Empirical Research. In general, natural scientists use the concept of observation in a liberal way: they talk of observing electrons, DNA, or distant quasars. Several philosophers of science have recently argued for a similar use of the concept of observation: they have claimed that the important aspects of scientific research can only be properly reconstructed in accordance with how this term is actually used in science. With reference to an example from astronomy, I point out that the proposed generalisation of the concept of observation leads to undesirable consequences. I argue that a differentiated conceptual framework is required in order to give an adequate account of the varieties of scientific experience. Thus, the appropriate starting point for distinguishing these various scientific research practices should not be the generalised scientific conception of observation, but instead distinctly different uses of the term observation drawn from ordinary language. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Jordan, Quantentheorie und Willensfreiheit:

Ohne Zusammenfassung