惯例的实证研究进展：心理学的视角

惯例是人们在重复解决同一问题时形成的程序化行为或策略,它既可以从个体,也可以从群体的视角来研究。在心理学中,惯例的研究始于思维定势和内隐学习;近年来,在现代认知心理学的推动下,研究者们已从个体与群体问题解决、决策的视角对它进行了一系列研究;而惯例重复性的特征又为它与重复博弈的交叉研究提供了可能。未来的惯例研究可以在以往研究基础上,从其普遍性和特点、信息搜索、知识迁移等角度展开。     

Measuring Lifestyle and Attachment: An Empirical Investigation Linking Individual Psychology and Attachment Theory

P. R. Peluso, J. P. Peluso, J. F. White, and R. M. Kern (2004) reviewed the theoretical constructs underlying the similarities between lifestyle and attachment style. Specifically, they suggested that the individual psychology construct of lifestyle (or style of life) and attachment style should be empirically investigated. The present research provided an empirical analysis of the concepts of lifestyle and attachment style and compared the methods for assessing these concepts. The findings supported the overall hypotheses that attachment style and lifestyle are similar constructs.     

Political Psychology as Applied Psychology: An Introduction

On souligne, dans I'introduction du numéro spécial d' Applied Psychology: An International Review sur la Psychologie Politique, qu'il existe deux courants parmi les contributions au champ de la psychologie politique. L'un traite des implications politiques en jeu quand la politique est utilisée pour illustrer des problématiques psychologiques. L'autre est une « Psychologie Politique politique >> où les orientations des Sciences Politiques définissent les problématiques. La seconde partie de l'introduction montre que cette discipline emprunte largement à trois grandes théories de la psychologie (la théorie cognitive, la théorie de I'apprentissage et la psychanalyse) et que la plupart des publications abordent des thèmes en rapport avec les psychologies sociale, clinique, de la personnalité et du développement. Enfin, les sept contributions émanant d'auteurs de quatre continents sont brièvement introduites.
The introduction to Applied Psychology: An International Review's special issue on Political Psychology argues that there are two streams of contributions to the field of political psychology. One is work with political implications where politics are used to illustrate psychological research questions. The other is a "political Political Psychology" where the agenda of political science defines the research questions. A second part of the introduction shows that the discipline draws most heavily on three grand theories of psychology, namely cognitive theory, psychoanalysis, and learning theory with most publications working on questions related to social psychology, personality, clinical, and developmental psychology. Finally the seven contributions by authors from four continents are briefly introduced.     

The Psychology of Gender Differences in Religion: A Review of Empirical Research

This paper presents, discusses and evaluates empirical studies concerned with gender differences in religion. Within the psychology of religion two main groups of theories have been advanced to account for gender differences in religiosity. The first group of theories concentrates on social or contextual influences which shape different responses to religion among men and women. This group may be divided into two categories: gender role socialisation theories and structural location theories. The second group of theories concentrates on personal or individual psychological characteristics which differentiate between men and women. This group may be divided into three categories: depth psychology theories, personality theories and gender orientation theories. It is concluded that gender orientation theories provide the most fruitful source for further research.     

Economic Psychology Between Psychology and Economics: An Introduction

On présente, dans cette introduction à l'édition speciale sur la psychologie economique, trois étapes et trois domaines de cette psychologie. Les trois étapes représented les tentatives historiques pour introduire des approches et des concepts psychologiques dans la théorie économique. Les deux premières étapes ont été vouées l'échec, mais la dernière et actuelle (l'économie psychologique) parǎt plus prometteuse. Les trois domaines de la psychologie économique qui sont traités dans cet article sont: la psychologie micro-économique, la psychologie macro-économique et l' économie psychologique. Les six articles de cette édition spéciale sont des représentants de ces approches et traitent de sujets intéressant aussi bien les psychologues, les économistes, les spécialists du marketing que les conseillers auprés des consommateurs.
In this introduction to the special issue on economic psychology, three waves and three domains of economic psychology will be discussed. The three waves are the historical attempts to introduce psychological concepts and approaches in economic theory. Although the first two waves were unsuccessful, the third and present wave (psychological economics) looks more promising. The three domains of economic psychology that are discussed in this paper are: (1) micro-economic psychology, (2) macro-economic psychology, and (3) psychological economics. The six papers in this special issue are examples of these approaches in economic psychology, and discuss interesting topics for psychologists, economists, marketing professionals, and consumer educators alike.     

Age Discrimination in Personnel Decisions: A Reexamination1

Rosen and Jerdee's (1976a) classic study on age discrimination, conducted over 25 years ago, was replicated in the present study. In the original study, participants rated older targets as being less desirable and suitable in a variety of work-related scenarios. In contrast, participants in the current study rated older and younger targets as similarly qualified and suitable for promotion, training, and hiring. The discontinuity between the results of the 2 studies is discussed, and explanations involving both social change and methodological factors are suggested.     

The 1976 Lancaster Psychology of Religion Colloquium: An evaluation

William A. Graham Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam—a Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying of Hadîth qudsî 1977, Mouton The Hague/Paris ,xvii, 266 pp

Janice Dean Willis (trans.) 202 p. $15.00 On Knowing Reality: The Tattvārtha Chapter of Asanga's Bodhisattvabhūmi 1979 Columbia University Press New York 202 p. $15.00

John Ferguson, Jesus in the Tide of Time: An Historical Study, London and Henley Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. xi+249 pp. £9.75

David Parry, OSB Households of God 1979 Darton, Longman &; Todd London, £4.50

Annemarie Schimmel and Abdoldjavad Falaturi We Believe in One God: The Experience of God in Christianity and Islam 1st German edition 1975 181

W. Owen Cole Piara Singh Sambhi The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices 1978 Routledge &; Kegan Paul London, 204 pp

W.H. McLeod The Evolution of the Sikh Community 1976 Clarendon Press Oxford, 114 pp

Carlo Caldarola, Christianity: The Japanese Way, (Monographs and Theoretical Studies in Sociology and Anthropology in Honour of Nels Anderson, Publication 15)Leiden, E.J. Brill 1979. 234 pp. Gld. 58

W. Kendrick Pritchett The Greek State at War Part III: Religion 1979 University of California Press, 353 pp. £13.50 ($28.00)

Harold W. Turner From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship 1979 Mouton Publishers The Hague, xiv+404 pp. DM 98 $61.50     

The Psychology of Restaurant Tipping1

Since its origins in 18th-century English pubs, tipping has become a custom involving numerous professions and billions of dollars. Knowledge of the psychological factors underlying tipping would benefit service workers, service managers, and customers alike. Two studies were conducted to provide such knowledge about restaurant tipping. The percent tipped in these studies was related to group size, the customer's gender, the method of payment (cash or credit), and in some cases, the size of the bill. Tipping was not related to service quality, waitperson's efforts, waitperson's gender, restaurant's atmosphere, or restaurant's food.     

The Psychology of Lineup Identifications1

A review is made of issues and data on eyewitness identifications, and a relative-judgment conceptualization is proposed. It is argued that eyewitnesses are prone to choose the lineup member who most resembles the perpetrator relative to other lineup members as evidenced by studies that manipulated similarity of lineup members. The relative-judgment strategy is fallacious because of the unpredictable occurrence of target-absent lineups and is not corrected fully by instructions to eyewitnesses. An extension of the relative-judgment conceptualization proposes an inverse relationship between the goodness of witnesses' memories (quality and quantity of relevant information available in memory) and witnesses' tendencies to rely on relative judgments. This extended conceptualization was used to derive expectations regarding an experiment (N= 192 eyewitnesses) that used a blank lineup prior to presenting eyewitnesses with the actual lineup. The data indicated that a blank lineup can yield a diagnostic split of eyewitnesses; those who made no identification when presented with a blank lineup were less likely to make false identifications on the actual lineup than either the witnesses who identified someone from the blank lineup or the witnesses who were not presented with a blank lineup. The blank lineup did not produce a significant loss in accurate identifications. The practical implications of using blank lineups and the theoretical utility of the relative-judgment conceptualization are discussed.     

The Relationship Between Television Exposure and Individual Work Expectations: An Empirical Study1

Each day, thousands of televised images of the workplace fill the airwaves through programs such as Law and Order, ER, and The Simpsons. Although communications research has suggested that the social reality of television is often accepted by high‐level viewers ( Perry & Roesch, 2004 ; Potter, 1994 ), management researchers have been slow to examine television as work socialization. This paper addresses possible concerns of scale and theoretical rigor through development of reliable scales based on televised content and the testing of relationships through an interdisciplinary framework. Regression results indicate that heavy television exposure may influence viewer perceptions regarding access to managers and resources. The results also indicate that non‐media work information can moderate this effect. Practical implications for managers are provided.     

Indigenization of Psychology: Empirical Assessment of Progress in Indian Research

The development of an indigenous psychology has generally been documented by examples of indigenous constructs and conceptual analyses of their emergence. In contrast, the present article proposes an empirical approach. Indigenization is conceived as a gradual process that may be operationalized, and measured by content analysis of journal articles as the discipline develops and changes. Measures are proposed to assess the extent to which the concepts, problems, hypotheses, methods, and tests: (a) emanate from, (b) adequately represent, and (c) reflect back upon, the cultural context in which behaviour is observed. Application of these to 355 empirical and 31 theoretical articles from Indian journals and 39 foreign empirical articles published by Indian psychologists, indicates some slight movement toward an indigenous discipline, and some interesting relationships that assist in understanding its development. Factors contributing to indigenization and the utility of the empirical approach are discussed.     

The Crisis issue Assessed: An Empirical Analysis

The effect of the crisis issue in social psychology-focusing on the validity of existing social psychological research methodologies-was examined through an analysis of research trends over the past 15 years. Articles selected from four representative social psychology journals in the 1974-1975, 1979-1980, and 1984-1985 periods were evaluated in terms of (a) type of methodology, (b) subject population (c) use of deception and (d) method of data analysis. Results indicate that, despite the predominance of laboratory experimentation in social psychological research, a significant increase in the use of surveys and questionnaires is noted. In addition, although the predominance of undergraduates as research subjects has shown no change over the 15-year period, deception in research has decreased significantly. Contrary to expectation, the increased availability of linear modeling procedures such as path analysis and multidimensional scaling has not resulted in significant changes in the methods of data analysis over the past 15 years. These results are discussed in terms of the role of the crisis literature on social psychological research of the past decade.     

Social Psychology and the Empirical Body: Rethinking the Relationship

Although social science work on the body has demonstrated its thorough socialisation, social psychology has barely recognised the mutual interdependence of the physical body and the social world. Accordingly, we propose that social psychology might be enriched and extended by detailed investigation of changes in the activity of the empirical body alongside processes of meaning-making during social interaction. We illustrate our proposal with a case study of changes in blood pressure during conversation, explored in conjunction with analyses using four discursive frames: gaining voice, identity negotiation, joint action/knowing of the third kind and positioning theory. We argue that this approach challenges the artificial separation of social psychology from other sub-disciplines, might inform social psychological analyses of emotion and belief and allows it to address substantive topics, such as psychopathology, which it typically largely excludes.     

抑郁症:一种进化心理学的视角

探讨了抑郁症的进化机制。由进化机制支配的依恋和社会地位行为可能是某些严重抑郁症的基础,尤其是与长期压力相关的抑郁症。虽然抑郁症有不同的性质,但某些核心症状是为了调节行为、情绪以及传达对威胁的敏感性而进化形成的,如行为退缩、低自尊、快感丧失等。