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1.
In this paper, we challenge Jaegwon Kim’s version of neural reductionism according to which the causal powers of mental properties
are pre-empted by those of neural properties. Using empirical and theoretical developments from the field of embedded cognition,
we articulate and defend a notion of process externalism that extends Clark and Chalmers’ notion of an extended mind. We argue
that process externalism undermines one of Kim’s key premises leading to the alternative conclusion that mental causation
cannot be reduced to neural causation. Instead, mental properties have their own new causal powers just like other scientifically
established macroproperties. 相似文献
2.
Neil Campbell 《Philosophia》2013,41(4):1149-1158
Ever since Davidson first articulated and defended anomalous monism, nonreductive physicalists have struggled with the problem of mental causation. Considerations about the causal closure of the physical domain and related principles about exclusion make it very difficult to maintain the distinctness of mental and physical properties while securing a causal role for the former. Recently, philosophers have turned their attention to the underlying metaphysics and ontology of the mental causation debate to gain traction on this issue. Cynthia MacDonald and Graham MacDonald have followed suit and argue that the solution to the nonreductivist’s troubles lies in a particular metaphysical view of events. They claim that an appropriately formulated property exemplification account of events resolves the problem and secures the causal relevance of mental properties. I argue that while this approach might get us the causal efficacy of mental events, it does not provide the sought-after causal relevance of mental properties. I show that the reason MacDonald and MacDonald stumble on the problem of causal relevance is—ironically—due to features of their view of events. 相似文献
3.
The most direct assessment of episodic memory is provided by Remember versus Know judgments of recalled or recognised items.
We investigate whether Remember judgments reflect episodic memories as a re-experience of formerly experienced events (mental
time travel). If they do, they must obey the direct experience constraint: only directly experienced events can be re-experienced but not when the event is known through indirectly conveyed information.
In two Experiments participants saw simple events in Power Point, e.g. a car exploding. In the direct experience condition
these events were directly perceived. In three further conditions information about the object (particular car), the kind
of event (explosion), or both were verbally conveyed. After controlling for a potential encoding specificity effect in Experiment
1, the frequency of Remember judgments was twice as high in the direct experience condition than in the other three conditions.
This suggests that Remember judgments are—at least to some degree—subject to the direct experience constraint. 相似文献
4.
Matthew C. Haug 《Philosophical Studies》2010,150(3):313-330
Several philosophers (e.g., Ehring (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 30:461–480, 1996); Funkhouser (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 40:548–569, 2006); Walter (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37:217–244, 2007) have argued that there are metaphysical differences between the determinable-determinate relation and the realization relation
between mental and physical properties. Others have challenged this claim (e.g., Wilson (Philosophical Studies, 2009). In this paper, I argue that there are indeed such differences and propose a “mechanistic” account of realization that elucidates
why these differences hold. This account of realization incorporates two distinct roles that mechanisms play in the realization
of mental (and other special science) properties which are implicit, but undeveloped, in the literature—what I call “constitutive”
and “integrative” mechanisms. I then use these two notions of mechanism to clarify some debates about the relations between
realization, multiple realizability, and irreducibility. 相似文献
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6.
Frank Hofmann 《Erkenntnis》2007,67(2):173-182
Sydney Shoemaker has attempted to save mental causation by a new account of realization. As Brian McLaughlin argues convincingly,
the account has to face two major problems. First, realization does not guarantee entailment. So even if mental properties
are realized by physical properties, they need not be entailed by them. This is the first, rather general metaphysical problem.
A second problem, which relates more directly to mental causation is that Shoemaker must appeal to some kind of proportionality
as a constraint on causation in order to avoid redundant mental causation. I argue that, in addition, a “piling problem” arises,
since causal powers seem to be bestowed twice. Then, I try to sketch an alternative view of the relation between causal powers
and properties—a reductionist view—which fares better on some accounts. But it may have to face another and, perhaps, serious
problem, the “problem of the natural unity of properties”. Finally, I will pose a question about the relation between causal
powers and causation.
相似文献
Frank HofmannEmail: |
7.
Chad Kidd 《Philosophical Studies》2011,152(3):361-383
In this paper, I argue against the claim recently defended by Josh Weisberg that a certain version of the self-representational
approach to phenomenal consciousness cannot avoid a set of problems that have plagued higher-order approaches. These problems
arise specifically for theories that allow for higher-order misrepresentation or—in the domain of self-representational theories—self-misrepresentation.
In response to Weisberg, I articulate a self-representational theory of phenomenal consciousness according to which it is
contingently impossible for self-representations tokened in the context of a conscious mental state to misrepresent their objects. This
contingent infallibility allows the theory to both acknowledge the (logical) possibility of self-misrepresentation and avoid
the problems of self-misrepresentation. Expanding further on Weisberg’s work, I consider and reveal the shortcomings of three
other self-representational models—put forward by Kreigel, Van Gulick, and Gennaro—in order to show that each indicates the
need for this sort of infallibility. I then argue that contingent infallibility is in principle acceptable on naturalistic grounds only if we attribute (1) a neo-Fregean kind of directly referring, indexical content to self-representational mental states and (2)
a certain ontological structure to the complex conscious mental states of which these indexical self-representations are
a part. In these sections I draw on ideas from the work of Perry and Kaplan to articulate the context-dependent semantic structure
of inner-representational states. 相似文献
8.
Brandon N. Towl 《Philosophia》2010,38(1):217-223
There is an assumption common in the philosophy of mind literature that kinds in our sciences—or causal kinds, at least—are
individuated by the causal powers that objects have in virtue of the properties they instantiate. While this assumption might
not be problematic by itself, some authors take the assumption to mean that falling under a kind and instantiating a property
amount to the same thing. I call this assumption the “Property-Kind Individuation Principle”. A problem with this principle
arises because there are cases where we can sort objects by their possession of common causal powers, and yet those objects
do not intuitively form a causal kind. In this short note, I discuss why the Property-Kind Individuation Principle is thus
not a warranted metaphysical assumption. 相似文献
9.
Jiri Benovsky 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(1):101-121
Several metaphysical debates have typically been modeled as oppositions between a relationist approach and a substantivalist
approach. Such debates include the Bundle Theory and the Substratum Theory about ordinary material objects, the Bundle (Humean)
Theory and the Substance (Cartesian) Theory of the Self, and Relationism and Substantivalism about time. In all three debates,
the substantivalist side typically insists that in order to provide a good treatment of the subject-matter of the theory (time,
Self, material objects), it is necessary to postulate the existence of a certain kind of substance, while the other side,
the relationist one, characteristically feels that this is an unnecessary expense and that one can get the job done in an
ontologically cheaper way just with inter-related properties or events. In this paper I shall defend the view that there is
much less of a disagreement between relational ontologies and substantival ontologies than it is usually thought. I believe
that, when carefully examined, the two sides of the debate are not that different from each other, in all three cases of pairs
of views mentioned above. As we will see, both the relational side and the substantival side work in the same way, suffer
from and answer the same objections, and are structurally extremely similar. It will be an important question—one that I shall
discuss in detail, and that is indeed the main point of interest for me in this paper—whether this means that the two sides
of the debate are somehow ‘equivalent’ or not, and what ‘equivalent’ could mean. 相似文献
10.
Olli Koistinen 《Ratio》1996,9(1):23-38
According to Spinoza mental events and physical events are identical. What makes Spinoza's identity theory tempting is that it solves the problem of mind body interaction rather elegantly: mental events and physical events can be causally related to each other because mental events are physical events. However, Spinoza seems to deny that there is any causal interaction between mental and physical events. My aim is to show that Spinoza's apparent denial of mind body interaction can be reconciled with the identity theory. I argue that Spinoza had both an extensional and an intensional concept of cause and when Spinoza seems to deny mind body interaction he is having in mind the intensional concept of cause. This intensional concept of cause corresponds to that of causal explanation. I will argue that Spinoza anticipated Donald Davidson's view that even though mental events cannot be explained by referring to physical events and vice versa, mental and physical events are causally related to each other. 相似文献
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While philosophers tend to consider a single type of causal history, biologists distinguish between two kinds of causal history: evolutionary history and developmental history. This essay studies the peculiarity of development as a criterion for the individuation of biological traits and its relation to form, function, and evolution. By focusing on examples involving serial homologies and genetic reprogramming, we argue that morphology (form) and function, even when supplemented with evolutionary history, are sometimes insufficient to individuate traits. Developmental mechanisms bring in a novel aspect to the business of classification—identity of process-type—according to which entities are type-identical across individuals and natural kinds in virtue of the fact that they form and develop through similar processes. These considerations bear important metaphysical implications and have potential applications in several areas of philosophy. 相似文献
14.
Toby Handfield 《Synthese》2008,160(2):297-308
This paper develops two ideas with respect to dispositional properties: (1) Adapting a suggestion of Sungho Choi, it appears
the conceptual distinction between dispositional and categorical properties can be drawn in terms of susceptibility to finks
and antidotes. Dispositional, but not categorical properties, are not susceptible to intrinsic finks, nor are they remediable by intrinsic antidotes. (2) If correct, this suggests the possibility that some dispositions—those
which lack any causal basis—may be insusceptible to any fink or antidote. Since finks and antidotes are a major obstacle to
a conditional analysis of dispositions, these dispositions that are unfinkable may be successfully analysed by the conditional
analysis of dispositions. This result is of importance for those who think that the fundamental properties might be dispositions
which lack any distinct causal basis, because it suggests that these properties, if they exist, can be analysed by simple
conditionals and that they will not be subject to ceteris paribus laws. 相似文献
15.
Juan C. González 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(2):193-211
Many philosophers and scientists rightly take hallucinations to be phenomena that challenge in a most pressing way our theories
of perception and cognition, and epistemology in general. However, very few challenge the received views on the hallucinatory
experience and even fewer critically delve into the subject with both breadth and depth. There are all kinds of problems concerning
hallucinations—including conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues—that call for a multilevel analysis and an interdisciplinary
approach which in turn provide the detail and scope that the subject demands. In this paper, I present and briefly discuss
four interrelated problems: (1) definitions, (2) dependence on perception, (3) two views on hallucinations, and (4) methodology.
Neglect or underestimation of these problems, among other things, continue to prevent a proper understanding of the concept
and the corresponding experience, giving rise to misconceptions and even plain myths on the subject. Hallucinations do occur;
but in order to productively investigate them (for whatever end), we first need to get clear on the concept and develop a
suitable epistemological framework for their analysis. 相似文献
16.
A Grünbaum 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》1990,38(3):559-577
In much of psychoanalytic theory and therapy, Freud repeatedly inferred a causal connection between thematically kindred events by relying on the kinship between their thematic contents. This paper strongly endorses his search for causal explanations. But it argues in detail that (1) his causal inferences from thematic connections rest on an important fallacy, which undermines major etiologic conclusions in psychoanalysis; (2) a related, weighty inferential error is damaging to the Freudian theory of transference, when it infers the pathogenic role of an early childhood scenario from the thematic reenactment (recapitulation) of that scenario in the adult patient's interactions with the analyst, and with other people. Both arguments draw on subject matter in psychoanalysis, physics, evolutionary biology, common-sense psychology, history, and medicine to arrive at a fundamental caveat for all of the sciences: Even when the thematic kinship (or so-called "meaning connection") between events is indeed of very high degree, this fact itself does not license the inference of a causal linkage between these events. A corollary of this result is that we must reject the accusation of Karl Jaspers and the hermeneutic philosophers that Freud's own conception of the psychoanalytic enterprise suffered from a "scientistic self-misunderstanding." 相似文献
17.
Ervin Laszlo 《Zygon》2006,41(3):533-542
Abstract. Two fundamental issues raised by Lothar Schäfer are considered: (1) the question of a suitable paradigm within which the findings of quantum physics can be optimally interpreted and (2) the question of the assessment of the presence and importance of mind and consciousness in the universe. In regard to the former, I contend that the ideal of science is to interpret its findings in an optimally consistent and minimally speculative framework. In this context Schäfer's assertion that certain findings in quantum physics (those that relate to virtual states) indicate the presence of mind at the quantum level implies a dualistic and hence unnecessarily speculative assumption. In regard to the assessment of mind and consciousness, a consistent and parsimonious paradigm suggests that mind and consciousness are not part of a chain of events consisting of an admixture of physical and mental events but that physical events form a single, coherent set of events, and mental events another set, with the two sets related, as Teilhard (and a number of other philosophers, including White head) affirmed, as the “within” and the “without” (or the “mental pole” and the “physical pole”) of one and the same fundamental reality. This panpsychist as contrasted with Schäfer's dualist paradigm provides a single self‐consistent framework for the interpretation of quantum (and all natural) events while recognizing the presence of mind in the universe as the least speculative realist implication of our immediate experience of consciousness. 相似文献
18.
Tim Willenken 《Philosophical Studies》2011,154(1):1-25
Few philosophers believe that G. E. Moore’s notorious proof of an external world can give us justification to believe that
skepticism about perceptual beliefs is false. The most prominent explanation of what is wrong with Moore’s proof—as well as
some structurally similar anti-skeptical arguments—centers on conservatism: roughly, the view that someone can acquire a justified
belief that p on the basis of E only if he has p-independent justification to believe that all of the skeptical hypotheses
that undermine the support lent by E to p are false. In this paper I argue that conservatism does not make trouble for Moore’s
proof. I do this by setting up a dilemma concerning the notion of “justification to believe” that figures in conservatism.
On one understanding of justification to believe, conservatism is subject to obvious counterexamples. On another understanding
of justification to believe, conservatism is consistent with Moore’s “proof” conferring justification upon its conclusion.
Since these two understandings exhaust the logical space, the conservative indictment of Mooreanism fails. 相似文献
19.
Many philosophers of education emphasise the impossibility to really ‘solve’ philosophical—and with that, educational—problems
these days. Philosophers have been trying to give philosophy a new, constructive turn in the face of this insolvability. This
paper focuses on irony-based approaches that try to exploit the very uncertainty of philosophical issues to further philosophical
understanding. We will first briefly discuss a few highlights of historical uses of irony as a philosophical tool. Then we
concentrate on two different interpretations of irony, formulated by Bransen and Rorty, that aim at gaining insight into how
we make meaning of the world, while at the same time recognising that such an understanding would be impossible. After discussing
some problematic aspects of these interpretations a third interpretation of irony is developed, based on a third view of the
nature of meaning-making. Following these three interpretations, we will discuss their philosophical merits and the different
kinds of insight they can produce for philosophy of education. 相似文献
20.
Jonas Olson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(4):365-378
According to ‘Fitting Attitude’ (FA) analyses of value, for an object to be valuable is for that object to have properties—other
than its being valuable—that make it a fitting object of certain responses. In short, if an object is positively valuable it is fitting to favour it; if an object is negatively valuable it is fitting to disfavour it. There are several variants of FA analyses. Some hold that for an object to be valuable is for it to be such that it ought to be favoured; others hold that value is analyzable in terms of reasons or requirements to favour. All these variants of the FA analysis are subject to a partiality challenge: there are circumstances in which some agents have reasons to favour or disfavour some object—due to the personal relations
in which they stand to the object—without this having any bearing on the value of the object. A. C. Ewing was one of the first
philosophers to draw attention to the partiality challenge for FA analyses. In this paper I explain the challenge and consider
Ewing's responses, one of which is preferable to the other, but none of which is entirely satisfactory. I go on to develop
an alternative Brentano-inspired response that Ewing could have offered and that may well be preferable to the responses Ewing
actually did offer.
相似文献
Jonas OlsonEmail: |