儒家思想与中国旅游文化传统

<正> 两千多年来,儒家的旅游观对中国人民的旅游活动产生了至巨至深的影响。这些影响主要表现在下述诸方面:一、儒家的近游思想就国民心理而言,中国人中确实有安土重迁,不喜远游崇尚近游的思想,它发轫于儒家。孔子曾经要求做儿子的做到“父母在,不远游。游必有方”(《论语》)。《孝经》上更     

《论语》语录中的矛盾及其解释

《论语》一书中存在着大量的矛盾,主要表现在三个方面:第一,孔子言行之间的矛盾;第二,孔子与弟子言行之间的矛盾;第三,弟子言行之间的矛盾。这些矛盾的存在是儒家内部相互讨论妥协的结果。矛盾的存在揭示着一个重要现象:《论语》是在"儒分为八"后,各流派为了防止因内讧而造成儒家衰落,并借此重新统一儒家而"相与辑而论纂"的结果。它包含的不纯粹是孔子的思想,更重要的是《论语》编者的思想。孔子只是《论语》编者的工具而已。     

《论语》“子在齐闻《韶》”章的诠释史考察

《论语》"子在齐闻韶"章表述的是孔子与音乐交集的一个历史事件,历代学者围绕此章释义进行了多层面的思想对话。皇侃《论语集解义疏》认为孔子借闻《韶》忘味表达对天下无道的悲痛,反映了孔子的政治意识;程颐、朱熹等通过对孔子与《韶》乐关系的分析呈现了理学家所向往的圣人境界;而现代学者如钱穆、徐复观等人认为该章传达着儒家的艺术精神。本文通过对《论语》"子在齐闻《韶》"章的诠释史考察,揭示孔子"在齐闻《韶》"事在不同历史阶段被赋予的不同思想意蕴,最后落脚于孔子所代表的儒家艺术精神,借以深化对儒家与音乐关系的理解,领略经典在塑造文化传统中的历史影响与现代意义。     

《论语》中的休闲思想和智慧

记录孔子及其弟子言行的《论语》是先秦儒家重要经典之一。《论语》饱含丰富的休闲思想和智慧,它阐扬了具有高度道德意识和超越性的休闲理想,提出了终生学习的休闲思想和以"乐"为核心的休闲教育。《论语》中的休闲思想和智慧对后世影响深远,对建设具有本民族特色的当代休闲文化具有重要的启发和借鉴意义。     

漫谈《论语新解》

《论语新解》是钱穆先生于六十年代初出版的一部著作,包括注释和今译两部分。该书不久将由四川人民出版社出版。《漫谈论语新解》是1963年钱先生在香港中文大学新亚书院的讲演稿。在这篇讲演稿中,钱先生谈了《论语新解》的写作经过和如何读《论语》。其中关于如何治学、中西哲学著作有何不同以及研究《论语》应义理、考据、辞章三者兼顾的论述,颇有些独到之处。对于我们今天开展孔子、儒家和中国传统文化思想的研究具有一定的借鉴意义。     

孔子的尚义思想和义务论伦理学说

《七略》论儒家思想特征云:“儒家者流,……游文于六经之中,留意于仁义之际,……于道最为高。”(《汉书·艺文志》)崇仁尚义是儒家的一般思想特征,也是孔子的思想特征。但是《论语》一书,义字出现次数不多,据统计《论语》中义字仅24见,其中6个还并非出自孔子之口;同时《论语》中也未见孔子师弟讨论义的记载。上述两点,使人难免产生孔子不甚重视义之感。但事实并非如此。儒家创始人孔子是很重视义的,尚义思想在孔子的伦理学说的建构中,占有非常重要的地位。     

《魏晋南北朝“论语学”研究》

<正>本书为2005年度国家社会科学基金青年项目的研究成果,分上下两篇。上篇论及两汉"论语学"概要,包括两汉"论语学"的三种类型、两汉《论语》注的诠释种类、汉代经学《论语》注特色总括、汉魏之际儒家《论语》思想的演变、魏晋之际玄学《论语》的兴起、两晋之际玄学《论语》新意等。下篇论及东晋《论语》注综述,包括东晋《论语》注考释、东晋《论语》注的多元化特色;东晋玄、儒《论语》注研究、南朝     

英译《论语》中的文化概念之争——兼谈文化意识与译文的文化趋向

在西方汉学家眼里,儒家经典首推《论语》,在这部具有《圣经》般地位的小册子里,几乎每一个概念都蕴藏着独特的东方文化、伦理和哲学观念,因此,对于《论语》核心术语的阐释与规范,历来是翻译中的一大难点,颇有争议。通过对不同时期的三大名家译文的对比研究,可知以西方思想文化框架去解读中国经典的翻译方法并不可靠,如何使文化概念不在翻译中发生转换偏移,便成为一个值得深入探究的问题。     

《论语》中“仁”之伦理学义试析

"仁"是《论语》乃至儒家最重要的一个德目。在《论语》中,"仁"这一概念的性质取决于使用方式。"非仁"这一评价方式的广泛使用,意味着"仁"已经逐渐剥离于日常语言,而具有理论语言的性质。从这个意义上说,《论语》中的"仁"的意义首先是伦理学的而非伦理的。     

罗明坚对《中庸》道德哲学概念的释译

对明清之际致力于沟通中西文化的来华耶稣会士而言,"四书"成为他们向西方介绍中国思想的最佳素材,译介"四书"成为其中学西传的核心工作。在他们的努力下,《中庸》《大学》等儒家经典传入欧洲并在知识分子中产生了一定影响。其中,《中庸》作为儒家重要思想文献,其对天人、心性关系、孔门心法的揭示,可视为宋明理学的思想源泉。相较于《论语》《孟子》《大学》,《中庸》蕴含了更多超越因素,可视为讨论儒家宗教性问题的入手点。本文讨论的是最早被翻译成欧洲语言的《中庸》译本,重点考察译者罗明坚对儒家道德哲学核心概念的译介,进而探讨其在文化交流中的创造。     

The Return Of The Religious

Recents discussions of expansion in the European Union and the possibility of envisioning a Muslim country in it has exacerbated the deep-seated anxiety about Islam among the liberal and extreme right in Europe. This paper suggests that there are recurring elements in the discourse of European cultural identity and one of these elements is the representation of Islam in its alterity to European identity and civilization. Questioning the thesis of a radical break with the Christian past, this paper questions whether the European cultural identity which is being formed today signifies a break with a religious form of identification. The liberal and extreme right opposes Turkish membership on the grounds that the differences between ‘European values’ and ‘European culture and lifestyle’ and Turkey's culture are what makes the latter essentially and fundamentally external to the essence of Europe. Tracing the remnants of Christian discourse in the contemporary fashioning of European identity, this paper discusses how Christianity, with its secularized versions, which are now displaced to culture and lifestyle, still holds a privileged position as a unifying theme in Europe. It suggests that one of the tests that awaits Europe is whether it will be capable of articulating a new but democratic identity for Europe, one that is responsive to the differences of the other or whether it wants to continue to be European by way of its old methods of exclusion.     

The Red and The Real

It is often claimed that principles of individuation imply essential properties of the things individuated. For example, sets are individuated by their members, hence sets have their members essentially. But how does this inference work? First I discuss the form of such inferences, and conclude that the essentialist inference is not a purely formal matter: although there is a form which all principles of individuation have in common, it is not true that any statement of that form is a principle of individuation, and hence there is no valid inference based purely on that form. However, I argue that there is a viable version of the essentialist inference nonetheless. The resources for a proper reconstruction of this type of inference can be gathered from reflections upon the role principles of individuation play in the project of the ontologist: such principles turn out to carry a modal weight similar to that of definitions or conceptual truths. It follows that, no matter how austere the ontology, some portion of essentialist modality is inevitable.     

医学教育人文精神缺失的弊端及对策

人文精神本是医学学科的根本要旨之一,然而,目前医学教育中普遍存在着人文精神缺失的状况.从医学教育的宗旨、医学模式的转变、医学生的综合素质、医患关系方面剖析了人文精神缺失的弊端并提出了相应对策.     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.