成人去激活依恋策略和注意偏向：来自表情图片外源性提示点探测任务的证据

采用表情图片作为外源性提示的点探测任务,通过109名大学生探讨依恋倾向性和注意之间的关系。研究发现：依恋回避维度和三种面部表情的提示有效性指标呈现显著负相关;依恋回避高分组出现了提示有效性效应的消失和逆转;依恋焦虑维度和提示有效性、注意卷入和注意分离没有相关。结果表明：回避性依恋者对任何信息都存在回避性注意偏向;回避性注意偏向的强度随信息依恋效价的增强而增强;回避性注意偏向的出现为去激活策略的存在提供了跨文化证据。     

阈下安全启动改善非安全依恋女性的注意加工

研究采用掩蔽启动范式，结合事件相关电位技术，考察阈下安全启动在非安全依恋女性对婴儿面孔注意加工上的改善效应。行为指标上，悲伤程度评分和反应时结果均表明了安全启动的改善作用。ERP结果上，在早期注意加工阶段，阈下安全启动比中性启动诱发了依恋焦虑和依恋回避女性对婴儿面孔表情更大的N1波幅以及更优的P2潜伏期，在晚期控制注意加工相关的P3波幅上同样发现了类似的改善效应。研究结果表明阈下安全启动能够提升非安全依恋女性对婴儿面孔的知觉敏感性，改善非安全依恋女性注意加工缺陷，且这种改善效应不仅仅作用于早期注意加工阶段而且还可以扩展到个体有意识的晚期控制加工阶段。     

回避性依恋和注意偏向：刺激普遍性与刺激特定性

采用工作记忆算式-词对广度任务,通过87名大学生探索依恋回避倾向性与注意的关系。研究发现：依恋回避与三类词的工作记忆成绩呈负相关;工作记忆广度类型、词类型主效应显著;工作记忆广度类型与词类型交互作用显著。结果表明：回避性依恋者具有回避性注意偏向;回避性注意偏向既有刺激普遍性,又有刺激特定性,依恋性刺激比中性刺激更容易在信息加工早期被防御性地排除;回避性注意偏向具有调节情绪的功能性价值。为去激活策略情绪调节观提供了跨文化研究证据。     

高强迫倾向个体注意脱困的电生理证据

对威胁信息的注意偏向可能是导致和维持强迫症症状的重要因素之一。本研究采用情绪Stroop范式,同时结合ERP技术,对强迫倾向个体注意偏向的时间进程进行研究,以期探究强迫倾向个体注意偏向的神经机制特点。结果发现,高强迫倾向个体对强迫症相关消极词比一般消极词和中性词表现出了更大的P2和LPPs振幅。实验结果表明,高强迫倾向个体对强迫症相关消极词表现出注意偏向,其成分为注意脱困,既表现在早期自动加工阶段的P2成分上也表现在晚期策略加工阶段的LPPs成分上。     

依恋类型对主动遗忘的影响

成人依恋可以在依恋回避和依恋焦虑两个维度进行分析。不安全依恋的个体在依恋关系中持续感受到一种不安全感,因此个体往往采用心理防御策略来摆脱这种不安全感。对于许多不愉快的事件,个体常常也会采用类似的防御策略进行抑制,以减少自身的消极体验。主动遗忘是指个体有意识地避免回想某一目标对象而导致的遗忘现象,其可能与高回避个体的停用策略十分相似。为探讨对于依恋相关的记忆内容,高回避个体是否能够成功进行主动遗忘以规避负面情绪,或是防御失败引起依恋系统激活,反而更多回忆起相关记忆内容,本实验采用Think/No-Think(TNT)范式进行研究,以依恋相关故事作为对被试的依恋启动操作,设计了2(启动:依恋启动vs.依恋未启动)×3(主动遗忘:Think vs.No-Think vs.Baseline)×2(依恋维度得分:高vs低)混合设计研究不同依恋类型主动遗忘能力的影响。实验结果显示,TNT操作与回避类型与启动操作的交互作用显著,高依恋回避个体在受到依恋相关启动时表现出优秀的主动遗忘能力,而在未受到启动时则不能有效地遗忘依恋相关负性词对; 而低依恋回避个体则表现相反,在受到启动材料威胁时无法成功主动遗忘,而在未受启动条件下可以成功遗忘要求内容。对于不同焦虑类型的被试来说,其主动遗忘能力与启动操作无关,高焦虑类型被试表现出更强的主动遗忘能力,并从依恋内部工作模型角度进行了分析。     

个体依恋特征的二重性：特质性依恋与状态性依恋

传统依恋理论认为个体依恋心理和行为模式具有相对稳定性, 但无论在信息加工还是个体发展过程中, 个体依恋模式均表现出二重性, 即既具有相对稳定性, 又具有情境敏感性。个体在情境中所表现出的依恋模式是个体相对稳定的特质性依恋和情境特征相互作用的结果。依恋启动研究中特质性依恋特征与依恋启动效应之间的交互作用模式为理解依恋二重特征及其关系提供了窗口。依恋系统激活的两阶段模型为整合和解释这些相互作用模式提供了框架。未来研究应优化依恋二重特征关系研究中启动效应的操作检验, 考虑依恋焦虑和回避维度的交互作用, 关注高焦虑群体内的依恋差异, 以理析依恋二重特征之间的相互作用方式, 同时关注依恋策略影响依恋启动效应的时间进程, 探究依恋二重特征相互作用的机制。     

大学生成人依恋、应对方式与负性情绪的关系研究

本文使用结构方程模型方法,研究大学生成人依恋、应对方式与负性情绪的关系。结果发现:(1)应对方式是依恋焦虑与负性情绪之间的完全中介;(2)应对方式是依恋回避与负性情绪之间的部分中介;(3)依恋焦虑和依恋回避对应对方式的解释率为40%,而依恋回避和依恋焦虑以及应对方式对负性情绪的解释率则为56%。     

高功能自闭症个体对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向

高功能自闭症(High-Functioning Autism, HFA)个体智力正常, 但也面临着严重的社会功能障碍。对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向与HFA个体社会功能的发展密切相关。梳理相关研究发现, HFA个体在自动加工阶段和情绪目标参与阶段, 不存在威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向; 而在任务与情绪无关的控制加工阶段, 存在威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向。针对HFA个体威胁性情绪面孔注意偏向的理论解释主要有杏仁核理论、强烈世界理论和执行功能理论等。神经生理机制方面, HFA个体对威胁性情绪面孔的注意偏向可能与其异常的皮下及皮层通路功能有关, 同时可能会受5-羟色胺系统基因及催产素水平等的影响。未来研究可在综合考虑研究方法及个体因素的基础上, 进一步探究其加工特征及神经生物机制, 着力开发科学有效的干预策略。     

催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响

催产素被誉为“爱的荷尔蒙”, 与依恋有着密切关系。以往研究已证明不同来源的催产素对不安全依恋者的人际适应性会产生不同的影响, 主要表现为内源性催产素水平越低, 不安全依恋者的人际适应性越差; 外源性催产素增强了依恋回避个体的人际适应性, 但降低了高依恋焦虑个体的人际适应性; A、G等位基因与不安全依恋者的人际适应性有关。此外还借助依恋理论和社会显著假说解释了上述影响, 不安全依恋者的防御性排斥、环境因素和个体差异调节了催产素的效应。未来应比较催产素受体基因与不安全依恋者人际适应性关系的差异, 催产素影响不安全依恋者人际适应性的性别差异问题, 并在人际互动过程中研究催产素对不安全依恋者人际适应性的影响, 以增强催产素研究的生态效度。     

依恋焦虑对大学生囤积行为的影响:无法忍受不确定性与经验性回避的序列中介作用

为探讨依恋焦虑、无法忍受不确定性、经验性回避与大学生囤积行为的关系，本研究构建了一个序列中介模型。采用问卷法对黑龙江等地高校的610名大学生进行调查研究。结果发现：（1）无法忍受不确定性和经验性回避在依恋焦虑与大学生囤积行为之间均起部分中介作用；（2）无法忍受不确定性和经验性回避在依恋焦虑和大学生囤积行为之间构成序列中介，即依恋焦虑个体通过增强无法忍受不确定性，从而提高经验性回避倾向，进而增加大学生的囤积行为。研究进一步从认知和应对手段角度来考察依恋焦虑对大学生囤积行为的作用机制，对囤积行为的预防和干预具有启示意义。     

不同依恋风格者情绪调节策略的认知神经特点

情绪调节是依恋研究的重要方面。本文依托Gross的情绪调节理论和相关认知神经证据,阐述了三种依恋风格者的情绪调节特点。焦虑型依恋调节负性情绪时存在注意分配的优势和表达抑制的不足;调节正性情绪时还采用了情景选择和情景修正策略。回避型依恋调节两种效价情绪均使用了表达抑制,调节正性情绪时还使用了认知重评。安全型依恋使用认知重评、注意分配和情景修正策略,效价差异不突出。探讨依恋与情绪调节的关系,有利于改善非安全型依恋的情绪调节能力。     

Attachment insecurity and strategies for regulation: when emotion triggers attention

Attachment-related strategies are thought to be critical for regulation and processing of emotional information. This study examined biases in selective attention to emotional stimuli as a function of insecure attachment. Participants searched for a single target image preceded by to-be-ignored distracters depicting emotional images varying in valence and arousal. Results revealed that, in general, negative distracters affected accuracy levels, and that the anxious attached participants showed a clear interference of the emotional distracters. In contrast, the avoidant group evinced a higher control on such interference. In addition, arousal ratings to distracter images indicated superior emotional activation only for anxious attached participants. Consistent with the evolutionary-based attachment theory threat-related stimuli prompted priority attentional responses. Present findings are in line with evidence showing the deployment of distinct strategies in insecurely attached individuals for the regulation of attention to emotional information.     

Avoiding interference: adult attachment and emotional processing biases

The present study investigated attachment-related differences in emotional processing biases. Consistent with the proposal that avoidant individuals limit attention to potentially distressing information, attachment avoidance was associated with reductions in emotional Stroop (ES) interference for attachment-related words (e.g., intimate, loss). These biases were strongest among individuals who were currently in a romantic relationship, suggesting that being in a close relationship may activate avoidant defensive strategies. In addition, avoidant attentional biases were attenuated under cognitive load, suggesting that inhibiting attention to attachment-related information requires cognitive effort. Finally, avoidance was unrelated to ES performance for emotional, nonattachment-related words, demonstrating the specificity of these attentional biases. The present findings suggest that avoidant individuals can inhibit attention to potentially threatening information, that this ability requires cognitive effort, and that relationship status may be an important moderator of avoidant defensive strategies. The implications of these strategies for emotional functioning and well-being are discussed.     

成人依恋风格在信息加工中表现出差异性的神经机制

依恋风格的神经机制研究有助于更深层次理解依恋行为与类型：N1、N200、N400和P300等脑电成份的差异反映了不同依恋风格在编码、提取及注意资源分配上的不同; 额叶皮层、扣带回皮层、颞极、杏仁核、海马等脑区可以反映不同依恋风格在信息加工性质和注意资源分配上的差异。已有研究除安全依恋和非安全依恋策略的有效性在脑成像上的研究与依恋理论一致外, 其余研究还存在争议。未来的研究可深入探究更高质量的依恋测量工具, 依恋风格对内隐刺激加工影响的认知神经机制; 细化依恋风格在信息加工不同阶段的神经活动和脑成像研究; 以及关注依恋风格对信息加工影响差异的脑机制在临床治疗中的运用。     

The time-course of threat processing in children: a temporal dissociation between selective attention and behavioral interference

Although selective attention to threatening information is an adaptive mechanism, exaggerated attention to threat may be related to anxiety disorders. However, studies examining threat processing in children have obtained mixed findings. In the present study, the time-course of attentional bias for threat and behavioral interference was analyzed in a community sample of 8-18-year-old children (N=33) using a pictorial dot probe task. Threatening and neutral stimuli were shown during 17 ms (masked), 500 ms, and 1250 ms. Results provide preliminary evidence of an automatic attentional bias for threat at 17 ms that persists during later, more controlled stages of information processing (500 and 1250 ms). Furthermore, participants showed a delayed response to threat-containing trials relative to neutral trials in the 500 and 1250 ms condition, which may indicate interference by threat. Together, these results suggest that an attentional bias for threat precedes behavioral interference in children. Furthermore, results indicate that performance in daily life can be temporarily interrupted by the processing of threatening information. In addition, results of earlier studies into selective attention in children using tasks based on behavioral responses may have been confounded by interference effects of threat. For future studies, we recommend to take behavioral interference into account.     

依恋对情绪调节过程的影响

以依恋理论为基础的研究已证明依恋对情绪调节的影响, 但这些研究忽视了情绪调节作为一个过程的复杂性和多样性, 因此现有研究无法回答依恋为何会对情绪调节产生影响。扩展过程模型将情绪调节分为三个阶段, 并清晰地描述了情绪调节的过程以及过程中各因素之间的关系。从该模型来看, 在情绪调节的三个阶段均可发现与依恋有关的个体差异, 并且依恋对于情绪调节早期阶段的影响可能是导致后期阶段产生个体差异的原因。未来的研究应在探讨依恋对情绪调节的影响的同时关注环境因素的影响; 设计新的实验范式以证实情绪调节三阶段的连续性并探索依恋影响情绪调节的潜在机制; 探讨依恋对情绪调节灵活性的影响。此外, 未来的干预研究应设计更具针对性的干预措施来改善非安全依恋个体的情绪调节。     

非安全依恋可塑性的神经机制

非安全依恋可塑性是借助认知启动技术(例如安全依恋启动)使非安全依恋个体长期处于敏感和支持性的环境中, 从而唤醒个体积极的依恋经历, 使其对依恋关系形成新的认知图式, 最终实现非安全依恋个体内部工作模型的重构。本项目针对非安全依恋个体的认知加工缺陷, 采用安全依恋启动的方法探索非安全依恋可塑性的发生机制及相应的神经生理基础。项目拟从单次安全依恋启动对非安全依恋个体认知加工缺陷的改善效应、多任务条件下对重复安全启动效应的检验以及重复安全依恋启动效应的追踪研究三方面开展非安全依恋可塑性研究; 研究手段采用行为-生理-脑成像的技术, 从安全依恋启动的性质、方式和时间三个维度上系统地探究非安全依恋可塑性的发生机制与神经基础。非安全依恋可塑性研究为安全依恋研究提供了新视角, 研究提出的依恋图式重构理论是对安全基地图式理论的印证与发展, 对重复安全启动效应的检验及追踪研究试图为非安全依恋可塑性研究构建一套科学有效的评估标准。研究成果对于非安全依恋人群的干预训练、提升依恋安全感、维护心理健康具有重要价值。     

Authenticity: a mediator in the relationship between attachment style and affective functioning

Attachment has been show to exhibit a strong effect on emotional well-being throughout an individual’s lifetime. This study examined individuals’ authenticity as a potential mediating variable in the relationship between insecure attachment and affective functioning. Authenticity was examined from multiple perspectives to better define its role as a mediating variable. Results showed that avoidant attachment is a predictor of affective functioning, and that authenticity acts as a mediating variable in this relationship. Anxious attachment showed no direct relationship with affective functioning, yet evidence was found for an indirect pathway from anxious attachment through authenticity on affective functioning. The differing results by attachment style support Mikulincer, Shaver, and Pereg’s theory suggesting a two-part model of emotional response style, wherein individuals with avoidant attachment deactivate emotion and individuals with anxious attachment show hyper-activation when coping with emotion. The study examines the construct of authenticity and its importance in affective functioning. Implications for therapists working with clients are made that highlight the importance of authentic relationships in therapy and life.     

Processing efficiency in anxiety: Evidence from eye-movements during visual search

It is generally held that anxiety is characterized by an attentional bias for threatening information. In recent years there has been an important debate whether these biases reside at the level of attentional selection (threat detection) or attentional processing after threat detection (attentional disengagement). In a visual search task containing emotional facial expressions, eye-movements were examined before and after threat detection in high and low trait anxious individuals to further elucidate the temporal unfolding of attentional bias. Results indicated that high-anxious individuals neither showed facilitated orienting to threat nor impaired disengagement of visual attention from threat. Interestingly, the presence of threat in the visual search display was associated with increased decision times in high-anxious individuals. These results challenge some of the current views on attentional bias to threat but indicate that emotional information reduces processing efficiency in anxiety.