1980-2009年国内眼动研究的文献计量分析

对收录在中国期刊网和中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库中的370篇眼动研究文献(1980—2009年)进行计量学分析,结果表明:(1)国内眼动研究从2003年起呈现快速增长趋势;(2)以阅读方面的实证研究为主,主要以大学生为研究对象,以中文阅读材料和图片为研究材料,以Eyelink-Ⅱ和ASL-504眼动仪为研究工具,重点关注眼动指标和阅读指标;(3)天津师范大学是国内眼动研究的重要力量;(4)成果发表以心理学期刊为主,其中《心理科学》发表最多;(5)合作研究已成为眼动研究的主要形式,但核心作者群尚未形成;(6)大多数眼动研究受到各类项目资助。     

聋人阅读的眼动研究

聋人读者普遍存在阅读困难,通过眼动技术来探索聋人阅读中的基本问题已成为一种新趋势,聋人读者在阅读过程中存在其独特的眼动模式。在回顾以往聋人阅读眼动研究的基础上,提出了对未来研究的展望:(1)眼动技术的广泛应用是聋人阅读研究的一个新趋势;(2)从跨文化研究视角探究中外聋人阅读加工的异同;(3)考察聋人视觉注意的特点与语言加工之间的关系;(4)通过眼动技术考察聋人读者的手语加工效率。     

当前阅读研究中眼动指标述评

文章重点介绍了阅读研究中常用的眼动指标,它们包括注视时间、眼跳、回视和瞳孔直径等,从字和区域这两个方面探讨了这些眼动指标所反映的认知加工过程,以及选择这些指标时应该注意的问题。最后对眼动指标的选择和使用等问题提出了几点看法。     

不同方向视觉运动追踪的特性

对向左、向右、向上与向下4个方向的平滑运动视觉追踪的眼动特点进行了探讨,并采用了频谱分析的方法对4个方向上视觉追踪的眼动参数进行了分析。结果表明,(1)水平追踪与垂直追踪之间的差异较为普遍,几乎存在于所有的眼动参数上;(2)左右追踪之间、上下追踪之间也分别都存在差异,它们主要表现在数据分布结构上;(3)眼睛跳动距离是视觉追踪的敏感指标。另外,不同方向的差异在不同眼动参数之间并不具有一致性。这反映了视觉追踪眼动的复杂性,不同类型眼动之间存在相互关联,这种关联性还有待于进一步研究。     

人工智能辅助的自闭症早期患者的筛查与诊断

自闭症谱系障碍(AutisticSpectrumDisorders,ASD)的症状早在婴幼儿期就会显现,越早发现,越早干预,治疗效果越好。传统自闭症早期筛查与诊断在评估方法、流程上存在局限,无法满足大规模筛查和诊断需求。随着人工智能技术的快速发展,使用智能化方法进行自闭症早期大规模无感筛查与诊断逐渐成为可能。近10年间,国内外对自闭症智能化识别方法的探索在经典任务行为、面部表情和情绪、眼动、脑影像、运动控制和运动模式、多模态6个领域积累了丰富的研究成果。未来研究应围绕构建国内自闭症早期智能医学筛查与诊断体系,开发针对婴幼儿患者的筛查工具,构建融合多模态数据的自闭症婴幼儿智能化识别模型,建立结合脑影像技术的自闭症精细化诊断方法等方面来开展。     

眼动技术在阅读研究中的应用

眼动技术在英文阅读研究中被广泛的应用,可以探测阅读活动中的即时加工过程。在中文阅读研究中,眼动技术的应用还刚刚起步。文章讨论了眼动技术在阅读研究中的一些基本问题,如眼脑距离问题、知觉广度问题、阅读研究中眼动分析指标的选择问题等,希望能对没有进行过眼动基础问题研究的中文阅读研究有一定启发。     

眼动技术在阅读研究中的应用

眼动技术在英阅读研究中被广泛的应用,可以探测阅读活动中的即时加工过程。在中阅读研究中,眼动技术的应用还刚刚起步。章讨论了眼动技术在阅读研究中的一些基本问题,如眼脑距离问题、知觉广度问题、阅读研究中眼动分析指标的选择问题等,希望能对没有进行过眼动基础问题研究的中阅读研究有一定启发。     

航空环境中情境意识的个体差异和任务难度差异检测:眼动测量技术的优势

研究包含两项实验分别探讨情境意识眼动测量技术在检验个体差异和任务难度差异中的优势。实验一采用情境意识评价技术和整体情境整体评价技术,测验新手、专家组飞行员特技飞行时的情境意识差异,实验二同样采用上述测验方法检验专家组飞行员在不同难度特技飞行时的情境意识差异,两项实验同时都监测被试的眼动过程。结果发现,(1)情境意识评价技术结果不能反映个体差异,能反映任务难度差异;(2)情境整体评价技术结果能够反映个体差异,不能反映任务难度差异;(3)经验和任务难度都影响飞行员的视觉取样策略和编码信息加工。眼动数据结果与情境整体评价技术的结果相互印证,可以确定眼动测量技术可测验情境意识,且相对于其他方法,眼动测量方法有更为广泛的差异敏感性。     

不同阅读方式下图画书重复阅读对4～5岁幼儿文字关注影响的眼动研究

幼儿对文字的兴趣和关注是其早期文字意识的表现形式之一。为了考察幼儿在重复分享阅读与重复自主阅读中对文字的关注程度差异及阅读理解情况,使用Tobii T120眼动仪记录了16名4～5岁幼儿阅读时的眼动数据。研究发现:(1)重复分享阅读幼儿对文字的关注程度有了明显提升,而重复自主阅读幼儿对文字的注视总体上没有显著提高;(2)重复分享阅读幼儿在阅读理解的描述性信息和深层次信息理解方面表现更好。结果表明,重复分享阅读更有助于提升幼儿对文字的关注程度,促进幼儿阅读理解的发展。     

自然阅读的脑成像研究及其与眼动技术结合

以往的研究者主要采用单词系列呈现的实验范式对词、句子和篇章等材料进行阅读脑成像研究。针对近年来使用自然阅读范式的功能磁共振(fMRI)研究进行分析,建议在该范式下使用脑-眼动同步记录的方式,并介绍了基于注视编码的fMRI数据分析原理。新的范式和技术提高了fMRI研究的生态效度,有利于对阅读中眼动加工的脑机制进行探索,是相关研究的新趋势。未来需要在自然阅读fMRI实验中结合实验设计及其他技术以克服时间分辨率低的问题,同时要注意探讨阅读和眼动脑区的关系。     

Action as a Window to Perception: Measuring Attention with Mouse Movements

Eye‐gaze tracking has been shown to deliver valuable information about how people view advertisements and what they pay attention to. However, practical difficulties in its application limit its usability by marketing researchers. Here, we explore the use of mouse tracking to evaluate viewing behavior by determining whether the hand can be trained to follow visual spatial attention and whether visual processing can be estimated by tracking pointing movements made with a computer mouse. In brief, the results of the research are very promising, showing high correlations between the scan paths for the eye and the mouse, as well as high correlations between the percentage of time spent in designated regions of interest for the mouse and the eye. An additional comparison of the data with that of a group who did not use a mouse while viewing the experimental stimuli showed that viewing patterns were not disrupted by mouse use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Eye tracking research and technology: Towards objective measurement of data quality

Two methods for objectively measuring eye tracking data quality are explored. The first method works by tricking the eye tracker to detect an abrupt change in the gaze position of an artificial eye that in actuality does not move. Such a device, referred to as an artificial saccade generator, is shown to be extremely useful for measuring the temporal accuracy and precision of eye tracking systems and for validating the latency to display change in gaze contingent display paradigms. The second method involves an artificial pupil that is mounted on a computer controlled moving platform. This device is designed to be able to provide the eye tracker with motion sequences that closely resemble biological eye movements. The main advantage of using artificial motion for testing eye tracking data quality is the fact that the spatiotemporal signal is fully specified in a manner independent of the eye tracker that is being evaluated and that nearly identical motion sequence can be reproduced multiple times with great precision. The results of the present study demonstrate that the equipment described has the potential to become an important tool in the comprehensive evaluation of data quality.     

An automated eye movement recording system for use with human infants

An infrared corneal reflection eye movement system modified for work with human infants is described. The system generates on-line digital information on eye position at a sampling rate that allows examination of the temporal and spatial characteristics of fixations and eye move-ments. An algorithm for defining fixation and eye movement episodes is described.     

The influence of calibration method and eye physiology on eyetracking data quality

Recording eye movement data with high quality is often a prerequisite for producing valid and replicable results and for drawing well-founded conclusions about the oculomotor system. Today, many aspects of data quality are often informally discussed among researchers but are very seldom measured, quantified, and reported. Here we systematically investigated how the calibration method, aspects of participants’ eye physiologies, the influences of recording time and gaze direction, and the experience of operators affect the quality of data recorded with a common tower-mounted, video-based eyetracker. We quantified accuracy, precision, and the amount of valid data, and found an increase in data quality when the participant indicated that he or she was looking at a calibration target, as compared to leaving this decision to the operator or the eyetracker software. Moreover, our results provide statistical evidence of how factors such as glasses, contact lenses, eye color, eyelashes, and mascara influence data quality. This method and the results provide eye movement researchers with an understanding of what is required to record high-quality data, as well as providing manufacturers with the knowledge to build better eyetrackers.     

Comparing eye trackers by correlating their eye-metric data

Up to now, the potential of eye tracking in science as well as in everyday life has not been fully realized because of the high acquisition cost of trackers. Recently, manufacturers have introduced low-cost devices, preparing the way for wider use of this underutilized technology. As soon as scientists show independently of the manufacturers that low-cost devices are accurate enough for application and research, the real advent of eye trackers will have arrived. To facilitate this development, we propose a simple approach for comparing two eye trackers by adopting a method that psychologists have been practicing in diagnostics for decades: correlating constructs to show reliability and validity. In a laboratory study, we ran the newer, low-cost EyeTribe eye tracker and an established SensoMotoric Instruments eye tracker at the same time, positioning one above the other. This design allowed us to directly correlate the eye-tracking metrics of the two devices over time. The experiment was embedded in a research project on memory where 26 participants viewed pictures or words and had to make cognitive judgments afterwards. The outputs of both trackers, that is, the pupil size and point of regard, were highly correlated, as estimated in a mixed effects model. Furthermore, calibration quality explained a substantial amount of individual differences for gaze, but not pupil size. Since data quality is not compromised, we conclude that low-cost eye trackers, in many cases, may be reliable alternatives to established devices.     

The wide-angle reflection eye camera for visual choice and pupil size

A new equipment has been devised to photograph the reflection of the stimulus scene in the eye. The resulting motion pictures show the pupil encircling the area of the scene which was being fixated by the gaze; they also show the pupil size. Both measurements are simplified by providing a calibrated edge to the scene. No bite bar is required, and the equipment is quick and easy to use, being especially suitable for young children and also for monkeys.     

Pupillometry in Infancy Research

The human pupil is a small opening in each eye that dilates in response not only to changes in luminance, but also to novel events. Therefore, changes in pupil diameter are an attractive measure in studies on infants’ and young children’s physical and social cognition. However, designing and interpreting pupillometry studies for developmental populations come with caveats. Here we give an overview of how psychologically induced changes in pupil diameter have been investigated and interpreted in developmental studies. We highlight the methodological challenges when designing experiments for infants and young children and provide several suggestions to address common problems. The fact that pupillometry provides a sensitive measure of the time course of responses to novelty extends the scope of possibilities for researchers studying infant cognition and development.     

Pupil diameter measurement errors as a function of gaze direction in corneal reflection eyetrackers

Pupil dilation is a useful, noninvasive technique for measuring the change in cognitive load. Since it is implicit and nonverbal, it is particularly useful with preverbal or nonverbal participants. In cognitive psychology, pupil dilation is most often measured by corneal reflection eye-tracking devices. The present study investigates the effect of gaze position on pupil size estimation by three common eye-tracking systems. The task consisted of a simple object pursuit situation, as a sphere rotated around the display screen. Systematic errors of pupil size estimation were found with all three systems. Implications for task-elicited pupillometry, especially for gaze-contingent studies such as object tracking or reading, are discussed.     

Monitoring visual activity in infant rhesus monkeys: Method and calibration

This paper describes the use of an infrared corneal reflection technique to monitor visual activity in infant rhesus monkeys. To establish the validity of the method, calibration data were collected and a mathematical correction for systematic sources of error was used.     

人工智能辅助下的心理健康新型测评

近年来,人工智能技术的飞速发展及应用催生了"智能化心理健康测评"这一领域。智能化心理健康测评能够弥补传统方法的不足,降低漏诊率并提高诊断效率,这对于心理健康问题的普查及预警具有重大意义。目前,智能化心理健康测评处于初步发展阶段,研究者基于在线行为数据、便携式设备数据等开展主要以数据驱动为导向的探索研究,旨在实现更高的预测准确率,但是测评结果的可解释性等指标尚不够理想。未来的智能化心理健康测评需要强调心理学领域知识和经验的深度介入,提高测评的针对性和精细化程度,加强信效度检验,这对于智能化心理健康测评工具的进一步发展和应用至关重要。