首次咨询中心理咨询师的言语反应类型

本研究旨在探索心理咨询师在首次咨询中言语反应类型。研究选择4位在高校从事心理咨询的咨询师作为研究对象,对首次咨询录像进行文本分析。结果：咨询师在首次咨询中的言语反应类型按反应功能和效果分为设置性反应、倾听性反应、跟进性反应和影响性反应;4种反应类型共由25种子类别组成;不同咨询师在首次咨询中均使用了4种反应类型。结论：持续使用倾听性反应有利于后续咨询的维持;影响性反应的过度使用导致首次咨询后来访者易脱落。     

心理咨询过程中来访者非语言信息的作用与获取

会谈技术是心理咨询中最基本的技术之一。它由言语交流和非言语交流两个方面构成。长期以来人们对会谈过程中言语交流的信息给予了很好的重视,相对而言对会谈过程中的非言语信息却重视不够。本文着重阐述了非言语信息在心理咨询过程中的作用以及咨询师如何有效地获取到非言语信息的三个主要途径。     

如何挑选可靠的心理咨询师

本文根据相关的心理咨询研究,结合作者的受训经历和从业经验,介绍了合格心理咨询师的基本要求,以及来访者如何挑选可靠的心理咨询师的过程。此外,通过介绍国内心理咨询师的从业现状、特点,以及心理咨询相关基础知识,从咨询前、咨询中、咨询后三个部分进行探讨,为来访者寻求可靠心理咨询师提供建议,为合格心理咨询师的养成提供参考。     

高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展

本研究旨在了解高校心理咨询师的专业能力及专业发展。选取24名来自北京8所高校从事心理咨询的专职或兼职心理咨询师进行4个焦点小组访谈。研究发现,高校心理咨询接触到的主要问题是心理障碍,多数心理咨询师胜任工作的专业能力不足,专业训练和实践均有欠缺,专业发展的需求强烈。健全高校临床与咨询心理学学历教育,推行心理咨询师资格认证和审核制度以及完善继续教育机制是促进高校心理咨询师专业能力及专业发展的重要途径。     

咨询会谈中的人际互补及其与工作同盟、咨询效果的关系

Leary的人际理论将人际互动行为划分为“情感”和“控制”两个维度, 互动双方在情感维度的一致性和控制维度的互补性统称为人际互补。为探究心理咨询过程中人际互补的发展趋势及其与工作同盟、咨询效果的关系, 采用电脑操纵杆方法, 编制《咨询会谈人际互补行为评分手册》, 对16个个案的48个心理咨询会谈录像进行评估。结果表明：有经验的咨询师在咨询前期的情感轴一致性高于中期和后期, 在咨询后期的控制轴互补性高于前期和中期, 新手咨询师的情感轴一致性和控制轴互补性均无阶段性差异; 咨询中期的情感轴一致性负向预测工作同盟和会谈深度; 情感轴一致性呈高-低-高发展趋势的个案咨询效果更好。结论: 心理咨询的人际互补三阶段模型得到一定程度的支持, 其作用机制有待进一步验证。     

一例场所恐怖案例报告

本文通过对一例严重心理问题——场所恐怖症的咨询分析,阐述了如何对求助者进行心理咨询的全过程。求助者:李某,大一男生,主诉在人多拥挤的场所时会出现植物性神经系统功能障碍,经过咨询师的观察与了解,根据病与非病三原则以及许又新神经症的判断标准,可以初步诊断为场所恐怖症。随后分析了求助者出现严重心理问题的生物、社会、心理和个性特征四个方面的原因。作出了诊断和原因分析之后,咨询师和求助者共同制定了咨询目标和咨询方案、在咨询过程中咨询师与求助者双方的权利与义务,采取有针对性的咨询方法-系统脱敏法、合理情绪疗法和模仿法进行咨询过程,在咨询过程中配以家庭作业,有助于对求助者行为的强化,咨询过程结束后,我们对咨询结果进行评估,然而心理咨询没有到此为止,我们仍然继续追踪个案,动态了解个案的发展情况。总体来说,个案预后良好     

心理咨询中的伦理问题

本以心理咨询中三个方面的问题：1)咨询师的态度、理论立场；2)咨询中的道德两难选择；和3)咨询师的自我保健为例，讨论在职业伦理规范之外，却存在于心理咨询整个过程中，心理咨询师可能碰到的伦理道德选择和判断，指出在心理咨询实践中存在着很多无法直接套用职业伦理规范、却属于道德伦理范畴的问题，咨询师们应该不断思考。     

用心生活,踏歌前行——个人成长分析报告

心理咨询是一份赠人玫瑰手有余香助人自助的神圣而又高尚的职业,是咨询师通过专业的咨询理论和咨询技巧帮助来访者解脱心理枷锁、获得心灵自由、彰显自我人格魅力的过程。回顾自己的成长历程,通过剖析自己、认识自己的方式,促使自我不断成长蜕变。透过对职业行为的分析,表达了自己渴望成为一名优秀心理咨询师的真切愿望,并明确了未来努力前行的方向。     

从两种咨询模式看我国心理咨询师的培养

本文分析厂我国大陆目前开展的两种类型的心理咨询,即心理健康咨询和医学心理咨询,心理健康咨询遵循发展和教育模式。主要服务对象是有生活适应问题的来访者,其根本目的是促进他们健康成长和增强适应应对能力。医学心理咨询遵循生物-心理-社会医学模式,其主要服务对象是患有各种非精神病性精神障碍的病人,其主要目的是将病人治愈。作者从两种咨询模式出发,就目前我国心理咨询师和心理治疗师的培养和资格认证提出了一些问题和粗浅的看法。     

当代中国心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意与保密状况研究

本研究采用问卷调查法,以自编“心理咨询和治疗伦理问题调查问卷（咨询师版）”对全国范围内1000名心理咨询和治疗师进行调查,以了解心理咨询和治疗师的知情同意和保密情况。结果发现目前国内的心理咨询和治疗从业者知情同意和保密原则的伦理意识和行为比较欠缺,需要增加专业的训练、进行统一伦理规范。     

555例危险行为高危青少年的心理干预：来自个体辅导和团体辅导的效果对照

对有较高风险发展为危险行为青少年的高危群体实施有针对性的心理干预是非常有价值的。本研究对青少年危险行为高危人群进行结构化的个体与团体心理干预,评估两种干预的即时效果和六个月的预后情况。采用《青少年健康相关危险行为问卷》等量表对16所中职院校的学生进行筛查,共555名学生参加本研究,被随机分为个体、团体和对照组并分别进行干预。结果发现：干预后,个体心理干预组被试的危险行为水平、心理健康以及抑郁和焦虑情绪均获得显著改善,并且6个月的预后效果依然明显,而接受团体辅导干预组仅在抑郁指标上有所改善,在危险行为评分、焦虑和心理健康水平上均没有明显的改善。研究认为,对危险行为易感青少年的心理干预应以经过良好设计的个体心理干预为主、团体干预为辅的方式进行。     

心理咨询过程-效果研究现状及展望

心理咨询过程-效果研究考察咨询过程变量对咨询效果的影响。以人为中心流派、认知流派、行为流派、精神分析流派等都为该研究领域提供了理论基础。主要研究内容有咨询师的反应方式、会谈中的当事人行为、工作同盟、会谈中的重要内容等过程变量与效果的关系。该领域积累的成果还不多,这可能与过程-效果关系本身的复杂性有关,同时研究方法尚有许多欠缺,如考察复杂关系时使用的研究设计过于简单、测量工具不统一导致结果难以比较,有些测量工具不成熟信效度不高。未来的研究除了努力克服这些问题外,还应多考虑理论构建、内隐变量的调节和中介作用、当事人变量,在研究方法上应更为综合和多样化     

Client Perceptions of the Impact of Genetic Counseling: An Exploratory Study

Twenty-eight former genetic counseling clients seen at a major Midwestern university were recruited to be interviewed about their genetic counseling experiences, including most and least helpful aspects, what they learned, how this information impacted their decision-making, and their perceptions of their genetic counselors' behaviors. Responses were inductively analyzed, and several themes were identified, including: Clients sought genetic counseling to obtain genetic-medical information; a majority accurately recalled this information; genetic counseling influenced decisions for about 50% of the sample; decision-making was affected by several extra-session factors; a majority experienced distress during the session; most perceived genetic counselor responses as nondirective and liked this approach; counselor behaviors regarded as directive involved discussion of pregnancy termination; participants disagreed about the need for and provision of genetic counselor support; most regarded the session as helpful and stated that they would seek genetic counseling again. Suggestions for addressing these issues in practice and research are given.     

Career counseling meets motivational interviewing: A sequential analysis of dynamic counselor–client interactions

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered communication style with the aim to resolve client ambivalence within a change-related counseling. Its potential benefit for career counseling has been discussed by several scholars but no empirical research has investigated MI in this context so far. The current study used process measures from MI to investigate dynamic interactions within a career counseling intervention. Overall, we analyzed two videotaped sessions of 14 unique counselor–client dyads. Verbal behavior of counselors and clients were coded with two observational coding schemes from MI (one for counselors and one for clients, respectively). Behavior profiles of counselors were compared with benchmarks of good MI. Furthermore, client verbal ambivalence was compared between sessions. Finally, we conducted lag sequential analyses to analyze temporal dynamics between counselor behavior and immediate client verbal responses across N = 6883 behavioral events. Our results showed, first, behavior profiles of career counselors did significantly differ from recommended counseling benchmarks of good MI practice. Second, as assumed on the basis of past studies, client ambivalence decreased across sessions. Third, MI consistent counselor behaviors showed a positive sequential association with client positive career talk, whereas MI inconsistent counselor behaviors showed the reverse pattern. Our results suggest that counseling behaviors recommended from MI are facilitating career interventions. We discuss how trainings in MI could amend career counseling interventions and provide ethical implications when integrating MI into career counseling programs.     

Editorial synthesis for counseling psychology and relationship science: Making connections and expanding disciplinary diversity

The field of relationship science began with understanding the role of attraction and has expanded to examine factors associated with relationship initiation, development, and maintenance. Despite the growth of the field, recent reviews of topics present in relationship science have revealed a dearth of literature examining sociocultural contexts that may impact relational processing, especially for traditionally underrepresented groups in science. Notably, given the theories, frameworks, and methods applied in these disciplines, counseling psychology and relationship science are at the forefront of examining such contexts. To this end, the goal of the special issue was to bring together scholars whose work is either an application of or showcases how the contemporary foci of counseling psychology, including but not limited to intersectionality, social justice, cultural competence/humility, identity, strengths-based approaches, and social power hierarchies are applicable to the study of relationships broadly defined. This editorial synthesis provides a brief summary of the four articles that are included in this special issue and ends with recommendations for future research that intersects counseling psychology and relationship science.     

Nondirectiveness and genetic counseling

Nondirectiveness is the generally required and professed standard for genetic counseling. However, studies are lacking in the field of human genetics and in other disciplines which address either the theory or practice of this type of therapeutic procedure in the context of genetic counseling. Moreover, there is no indication the further development this concept has undergone in client-centered therapy has been acknowledged in human genetics. This could be due tot he historical development of genetic counseling, its inherent conflicts and often undefined goals, and the latent need of human geneticists to defend themselves against being accused of eugenic tendencies. Nondirectiveness and directiveness, however, can neither adequately describe what takes place in genetic counseling, nor can they — according to their original meaning — be used to define an ethical standard of genetic counseling. Starting with the writings by Carl Rogers (1942), an experiential approach is described, in which counseling is seen as a process of influence, which is wished by all the persons involved, during which activities are oriented toward the experience of the client, and which allows the counselor to communicate openly and directly with the client. The present study illustrates the use of the experiential approach in genetic counseling and shows that it can uphold the principle of ethics, which nondirectiveness demands and, at the same time, prevent the inevitable and unresolvable contradictions. This means that in their training genetic counselors must learn to recognize and constantly reflect on the influence they can and want to exert. In order to be able to use this influence in a responsible manner, genetic counselors must also learn to have a certain degree of flexibility so that they are able to check at any time how their client responds to this influence.     

Systemically-Based Psychotherapeutic Techniques in Genetic Counseling

The uses of systemically-based psychotherapeutic methods in genetic counseling are discussed in the context of the origin of genetic counseling, the definition of genetic counseling, and the adjustments that one must make in order to implement these methods. Selected systemic methods which can be readily incorporated into genetic counseling are presented: use of genograms to explore family attitudes and beliefs about genetic risk, communications skills, and applications of family of origin work in genetic counseling. The need for research regarding the methodology and process of genetic counseling is presented with discussion of the need for theories of practice for genetic counseling.     

“So wat do u want to wrk on 2day?”: The Ethical Implications of Online Counseling

Internet counseling is an area of rapid expansion in the field of applied psychology. Internet counseling or psychotherapy involves a variety of activities such as psychoeducation, individual therapy, and automated self-help interventions delivered via the Internet. Although other professional societies such as the National Association of Social Workers, the American Counseling Association, and the National Board of Certified Counselors have tackled the issues of Internet counseling ethics head on, the American Psychological Association has been conspicuously absent from this debate. Yet online therapy clinics are operating, and intervention efficacy is being studied. This discussion provides an overview of online counseling modalities, details the ethical concerns associated with each, and offers suggestions for the ethical practice of online counseling.     

In Defense of Radical Social Constructivism

This article is a response to Alex North's ( 2016 ) critique of radical social constructivism (RSC). North claimed that RSC was a movement in counseling that would be monumentally problematic in its future application to counseling theory. In this article, the author defends RSC and posits that RSC is closely aligned with the values of counseling. RSC encourages counselors to look at the social understanding of clients' experiences as paramount to the behaviors they exhibit.     

Coming Full Circle: A Reciprocal-Engagement Model of Genetic Counseling Practice

As genetic health care and genetic testing expand from primarily addressing conditions that are exclusively genetic in nature to common diseases with both genetic and environmental components, the scope of genetic counseling has grown. Identification and utilization of a normative model of practice defined by members of the profession is critical as genetic services become more commonplace in medical care. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a consensus conference convened to define a model of genetic counseling practice based on the guidance of educators and leaders in the profession. Twenty-three program directors or their representatives from 20 genetic counseling graduate programs in North America listened to presentations and participated in group discussions aimed at determining the elements of a model of practice, including tenets, goals, strategies, and behaviors for addressing patients’ genetic concerns. Their discussion is summarized, training implications and research recommendations are presented, and a model of practice that extends their ideas is proposed.