高中生内隐和外显职业性别刻板印象关系

本研究采用内隐联想测验和相应的外显问卷考察高中生被试的职业性别刻板印象.结果表明,高中生被试内隐和外显职业性别刻板印象未出现实验性结构分离,外显层面和内隐层面均存在职业性别刻板印象,两层面性别差异均不显著.     

人如其食：食物性别刻板印象及对人物评价的影响

食物在社会生活中发挥着重要作用, 具有性别文化意义。两个研究分别探索了外显与内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在及其对人物评价的影响。研究1采用提名法、自我报告法和语义启动范式检验外显和内隐食物性别刻板印象的存在, 结果表明被试均持“男性偏好男性化食物, 女性偏好女性化食物”的外显食物性别刻板印象, 女性被试持有内隐食物性别刻板印象。研究2采用情境实验法和内隐关系评估程序进一步测量被试对食物性别刻板不一致目标人物在热情和能力维度上的评价, 结果发现人们对食物性别刻板不一致男性在热情维度的内隐评价更加积极。     

大学生性别情绪刻板印象的内隐和外显研究

为了了解不同性别大学生的性别情绪刻板印象,并分析内隐和外显测验的关系,对280名大学生进行了外显连线测试,对87名大学生进行了内隐联想测验。结果发现:在内隐和外显测验中,男女大学生均存在性别情绪刻板印象,将男性名字更多地与愤怒词相联系,将女性名字更多地与高兴词相联系;男女大学生的性别情绪刻板印象程度存在极其显著的差异,女生更明显地表现出"男性更容易愤怒、女性更容易高兴"的偏见;被试的内隐和外显性别情绪刻板印象相关不显著,是两个不同的建构。     

性别刻板印象之内隐与外显性别效应的中日跨文化研究

随机抽取日本东京两所大学在校大学生80名,其中男女各半.采用2×2混合实验设计和实验性分离范式研究性别刻板印象,并将研究结果与前期中国文化背景下的研究结果进行比较,以探讨两种不同文化背景下的性别刻板印象之内隐与外显性别效应,结果发现:在两种不同的文化背景下,均存在显著的外显性别刻板印象和内隐性别刻板印象效应;外显性别刻板印象的内容是"男刚女柔",在中国文化背景下,两性均表现为自尊倾向,在日本文化背景下表现为女性自尊、男性尊他倾向;内隐性别刻板印象的内容是"男优女劣",表现为女性自卑、男性自信的倾向.     

内隐联想测验（IAT）及其在性别刻板印象研究中的应用

内隐联想测验(Implicit Association Test)是研究内隐社会认知的一种新方法,本研究根据内隐联想测验的基本原理,设计内隐联想测验对性别——学科刻板印象进行测量并设计相应的态度量表进行外显的态度测量,采用2(男＼女)*2(文科＼理科)的被试间实验设计,结果发现：(1)性别——学科刻板印象普遍存在于不同性别和不同学科的学生之中,并且刻板印象是一个无意识的自动化的加工过程。(2)性别——学科刻板印象的学科差异非常显著,但性别差异不显著,二者交互作用不显著。(3)对于与性别——学科刻板印象对应的外显态度,学科与性别差异均不显著,二者交互作用也不显著。(4)性别——学科刻板印象与其相对应的外显态度间相关不显著,二者存在着分离。     

性别-学科刻板印象的加工模式实验研究

性别刻板印象是在继种族刻板印象之后,逐渐受到研究者们关注的热点问题。本文运用内隐联想测量法来探讨大学生性别一学科刻板印象的加工模式,采用3×2×2的三因素完全随机设计进行实验研究。结果表明：内隐和外显的性别-学科刻板印象出现了实验分离现象。三个不同的内隐测量组的被试均不同程度认为男女性在学习文科时能力相当,学习理科方面则男性明显优于女性。但在外显测试中被试们却认为两者在学习文理科时无差异。结论：内隐性别一学科刻板印象更倾向于一种自动化加工,采用的是“自上而下”的省时省力加工模式。而外显性别一学科刻板印象趋向于自动加工与控制加工相结合,是一种“自下而上”、“三思而答”的加工模式。     

交叉分类对刻板印象的影响:穷富与年龄维度交叉为例

以往关于交叉分类对刻板印象的影响主要是集中于自然分类的交叉,比如种族与年龄、种族与性别、年龄与性别的交叉,较少关注社会分类与自然分类的交叉。以穷富与年龄的交叉为例,采用刻板印象解释偏差的方法,在多种情境下比较人们对交叉分类群体与简单分类群体的归因差异作为内隐刻板印象的指标。此外,根据刻板印象内容模型,评价交叉分类群体的热情与能力作为外显刻板印象指标。结果表明交叉分类会影响刻板印象评价。具体来讲,人们对老年富人的低热情行为和高热情行为的归因都要比对富人的更积极,对老年富人的低热情行为和高热情行为的热情评价也要比对富人的更高;人们对年轻穷人失败的归因要比穷人的更加积极。     

不同热情-能力社会群体刻板印象激活效应的行为模式：基于刻板印象内容模型

刻板印象激活是社会知觉中至关重要的认知过程,以往关于刻板印象激活的研究主要聚焦于某一类或两类社会群体,导致对于刻板印象激活缺乏整体性的认识。本研究立足于经典的用于分类社会群体的刻板印象内容模型(SCM),采用启动-靶子一致性判断任务和词汇判断任务,分别从外显和内隐两个层面对该模型下不同热情-能力的4类社会群体刻板印象激活效应的行为模式进行系统的探讨。结果发现,无论是外显层面还是内隐层面,高热情-高能力、高热情-低能力、低热情-高能力三类社会群体均遵循经典的刻板印象激活模式——一致条件下的反应时更快;而低热情-低能力群体则在外显和內隐加工上均表现出刻板印象激活效应的反转模式——冲突条件下比一致条件下的反应更快更准确。本研究拓宽了刻板印象激活的研究视角,首次发现低热情-低能力群体具有与传统相反的刻板印象激活效应模式,这一结果为该群体加工的特异性提供了新的证据。未来研究可以从注意和厌恶情绪的角度对刻板印象激活效应反转模式的加工机制进行深入探讨。     

数学性别刻板印象的内隐联想测验研究

本研究采用IAT实验设计,考察大学生的内隐数学-性别刻板印象.结果发现,IAT方法能检测到大学生存在"男性比女性更擅长数学"的内隐数学-性别刻板印象;IAT所测量到的内隐数学-性别刻板印象有性别差异,所测得的内隐数学-性别刻板印象没有专业差异; IAT与SEB所测得的结果不相同,IAT和SEB测得的是被试记忆中复杂网络联结的不同方面.     

基于IAT和SEB的内隐性别刻板印象研究

采用内隐联想测验(IAT)和刻板解释偏差(SEB)两种测量内隐社会认知的方法考察了120名大学生被试的内隐性别刻板印象。结果表明,大学生中普遍存在着较强的内隐性别刻板印象,人们对于男性以及男性本身持有的刻板印象符合传统的认知习惯,而对于女性及女性持有的刻板印象则与传统的认知习惯有所不同。用IAT和SEB这两种方法测量大学生的内隐性别刻板印象,在被试的性别变量上得到的结果不一致。     

Math = male,me = female,therefore math not = me

College students, especially women, demonstrated negativity toward math and science relative to arts and language on implicit measures. Group membership (being female), group identity (self = female), and gender stereotypes (math = male) were related to attitudes and identification with mathematics. Stronger implicit math = male stereotypes corresponded with more negative implicit and explicit math attitudes for women but more positive attitudes for men. Associating the self with female and math with male made it difficult for women, even women who had selected math-intensive majors, to associate math with the self. These results point to the opportunities and constraints on personal preferences that derive from membership in social groups.     

中学生群体对贫困生的外显与内隐刻板印象

研究聚焦中学生群体探讨其对贫困生的外显与内隐刻板印象。研究1采用人格词汇学方法通过开放式问卷从外表外貌、性格、行为习惯、学习和人际交往5个方面考察中学生对贫困生的外显刻板印象,结果发现：中学生对贫困生的外显印象包含积极、消极和中性三类。研究2采用单类内隐联想测验考察中学生对贫困生的内隐刻板印象,中学生完成相容任务（贫困生+消极词）的反应时显著低于不相容任务（贫困生+积极词）,研究表明：相对于积极印象,中学生群体对贫困生的内隐刻板印象更倾向于消极,即中学生群体对贫困生持有消极内隐刻板印象。     

Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): An Investigation of Their Implicit Gender Stereotypes and Stereotypes’ Connectedness to Math Performance

In spite of many barriers facing women??s enrollment in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), some women are successful in these counter-stereotypic disciplines. The present research extended work primarily conducted in the United States by investigating implicit gender-STEM stereotypes??and their relation to performance??among female and male engineering and humanities students in Southern France. In study 1 (N?=?55), we tested whether implicit gender-math stereotypes??as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al. 1998)??would be weaker among female engineering students as compared to female humanities, male engineering and male humanities students. In study 2 (N?=?201), we tested whether this same results pattern would be observed with implicit gender-reasoning stereotypes (using a newly created IAT) and, in addition, whether implicit gender-reasoning stereotypes would be more strongly (and negatively) related to math grades for female humanities students as compared to the three other groups. Results showed that female engineering students held weaker implicit gender-math and gender-reasoning stereotypes than female humanities, male engineering and male humanities students. Moreover, implicit stereotyping was more negatively related to math grades for female humanities students than for the three other groups. Together, findings demonstrate that female engineering students hold weaker implicit gender-STEM stereotypes than other groups of students and, in addition, that these stereotypes are not necessarily negatively associated with math performance for all women. Discussion emphasizes how the present research helps refine previous findings and their importance for women??s experience in STEM.     

Implicit Science Stereotypes Mediate the Relationship between Gender and Academic Participation

While the gender gap in mathematics and science has narrowed, men pursue these fields at a higher rate than women. In this study, 165 men and women at a university in the northeastern United States completed implicit and explicit measures of science stereotypes (association between male and science, relative to female and humanities), and gender identity (association between the concept “self” and one’s own gender, relative to the concept “other” and the other gender), and reported plans to pursue science-oriented and humanities-oriented academic programs and careers. Although men were more likely than women to plan to pursue science, this gap in students’ intentions was completely accounted for by implicit stereotypes. Moreover, implicit gender identity moderated the relationship between women’s stereotypes and their academic plans, such that implicit stereotypes only predicted plans for women who strongly implicitly identified as female. These findings illustrate how an understanding of implicit cognitions can illuminate between-group disparities as well as within-group variability in science pursuit.     

Images of engineering and liberal arts majors

In an attempt to gain insight into social-psychological barriers that inhibit women from entering engineering, 110 male and 84 female undergraduate students completed a variant of the Semantic Differential questionnaire. Subjects evaluated either male or female liberal arts and engineering majors. While female engineering majors were judged similar to male engineers on work-related traits, they were evaluated as less attractive than their female liberal arts counterparts. In particular, the data revealed reciprocal negative social images held by male engineering students for female engineers and by female engineering students for male engineers.     

“How good are you in math?” The effect of gender stereotypes on students’ recollection of their school marks

Two studies examined the effect of gender stereotypes on students’ recollection of their school marks in stereotypically feminine (arts) and masculine (mathematics) domains. As predicted, the results of Study 1 indicated that the more students believed in gender stereotypes prior to recall, the more they biased their reported marks, compared to their actual marks, in a stereotype-consistent way (female students underestimated their marks in mathematics and male students underestimated their marks in arts). Study 2, in which the salience of gender stereotypes was manipulated prior to recall, yielded similar findings. The recall of school marks was more stereotype-consistent in a condition of high salience than in a condition of low salience of gender stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.     

大学生的语言学习观念与英语学习策略研究

通过问卷对606名大学生进行调查,考察其语言学习观念和英语学习策略的特点及关系。结果表明:(1)在语言学习观念上,女生比男生的英语学习动机更强,大一女生明显认为英语学习难度大,外语学能观念随年级的升高而增强,文科生比理科生认为英语学习难度大,学习动机更强;(2)在英语学习策略上,性别、年级与6种策略都有一定关系,文科生在元认知、社交、情感、补偿、认知5种策略上的运用都显著高于理科生;(3)语言学习观念与英语学习策略有密切的关系。     

Bragging About One's School Grades: Gender Stereotyping and Students' Perception of Their Abilities in Science,Mathematics, and Language

Three studies examined stereotypes about the abilities of women and men and their implications for self-evaluation. All the three studies suggest that women are generally perceived as better than men in language and that men are generally perceived as better than women in science and math. Furthermore, Study 1 reveals that female university students in psychology who believe that men are better than women in science feel significantly less able in science, have lower self-esteem, and report lower school average than students who do not believe that men are better than women in science. Study 2 shows that female high school students in a language career track rate their own ability in science less highly and report lower school grades in math when gender stereotypes are salient than when they are not. Study 3 shows that male university students in science tend to rate their own ability in language less highly and report significantly lower school grades in language when gender stereotypes are activated prior to their self-evaluation than when they are not. Overall, the findings suggest that gender stereotypes can have detrimental consequences for self-concept of ability of both male and female students. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

When stereotypes disadvantage boys: Strength of stereotypes in mathematics and language arts and their relations with grades

There is growing concern about boys' lagging performance in school, not only in language arts, where the gap is particularly pronounced, but also in mathematics. Stereotypes associating one gender with language arts or with mathematics are likely to contribute to these gaps. Such stereotypes can translate into explicit beliefs such as the extent to which students are aware of societal stereotypes or the extent to which they personally believe stereotypes to be true, but also indirectly into performance following a stereotype threat manipulation. However, few studies have considered these multiple stereotype expressions in both mathematics and language arts to examine their importance in predicting boys' and girls' actual grades in school. To fill this gap, two complementary studies examined high school boys' and girls' awareness and endorsement of stereotypes about both language arts (n = 299) and mathematics (n = 243), as well as whether stereotype threat impaired boys' performance on a spelling test. Although the effect of stereotype threat was not significant overall, our results showed that students were aware of and endorsed strong stereotypes advantaging girls in language arts. In mathematics, students endorsed counter-traditional stereotypes slightly advantaging girls. Our results also showed that these multiple expressions of stereotypes related to students' grades. In doing so, our work provides insights regarding possible targets for interventions to reduce gender gaps disadvantaging boys in school.