关于归因定向与行为预测的实验研究

不同的归因方式将导致人们对行为的不同预测倾向。本文正是基于这样的假设,来考察在信息匮乏的情况下,性情归因和情景归因对他人积极行为和消极行为的预测倾向的影响。结果发现,两种归因方式都导致被试对积极行为的预测多于对消极行为的预测,而情景归因下的被试对积极行为的预测又显著多于性情归因下的被试。在此基础上,在引人价值判断的因素后,发现不同的归因方式启动了不同的价值判断,进而影响到对行为的预测。     

情景判断测验的开发程序、构思效度及研究趋势

章详细介绍情景判断测验开发的一般程序,对情景判断测验的多种形式和记分方法进行了总结和比较。同时,从情景判断测验的结果与认知能力、个性和工作经验等关系的角度出发,分析了情景判断测验的构思效度,认为情景判断测验测量的是多维构思。文章最后认为,需要从与其他构思的关系、测评指定构思、影响效度的因素以及跨文化比较等四个方面对情景判断测验开展进一步研究。     

情景判断测验效度的研究述评

文章在回顾近年来情景判断测验研究的基础上,总结了情景判断测验的效标关联效度、结构效度、增量效度和情景判断测验效度的影响因素.研究发现情景判断测验有较高的效标关联效度,是一种较好的人才选拔工具;情景判断测验是一种测量方法,可以用来测量指定的结构;情景判断测验对认知能力、人格、工作知识等变量具有增量效度;试题特性、测验开发模式、研究设计、评分方式等会影响情景判断测验的效度.     

道德判断的分级现象

Blair(1996)发现即使没有心理理论的孤独症儿童,也具备道德判断能力。而Kahn(2004)认为没有心理理论就不可能完成道德判断。已有研究表明,道德判断可能需要一定程度的心理理论。孤独症儿童心理理论存在困难,影响他们理解道德情景并进行正确的道德判断,但这是否与任务的要求道德判断能力的程度不同有关呢?研究增加道德情景的复杂程度,进一步考察儿童道德判断规律。结果发现,道德判断有分级现象,第一级是直接对道德行为进行判断,孤独症和正常儿童都能完成该任务,可能是以原始情绪为基础的;第二级道德判断是对简单道德情景进行判断,需要以心理理论为基础,只有正常儿童才能完成;而对行为与意图不一致的复杂道德判断则需要以更加丰富的经历或者经验为基础,但其属于三级道德判断还是二级道德判断的高级形式还需要进一步的研究。     

幼儿教师胜任力研究之二:情景判断测验的编制

采用行为事件访谈获得幼儿教师工作事件,通过开放式调查获得教师对这些事件的真实行为反应,并采用德尔菲法对事件和行为反应进行筛选,经验证性因素分析,最终得到由34个情景共103个行为反应项的幼儿教师胜任力情景判断测验。测验的信、效度检验表明:(1)测验各维度的内部一致性信度在0.72~0.85之间,全测验为0.95;(2)验证性因素分析表明测验的结构效度符合测量学要求,效标关联效度交叉验证表明,测验具有较好的效标关联效度。     

情景间语义关系对语义关联判断的影响

通过两个实验探讨了情景间语义关系对语义关联判断的影响。实验1采用单因素被试内实验设计,以32名大学生为被试,对随机呈现的情景图片做有语义关联和无语义关联判断。实验2采用单因素被试内设计,比较27名大学生被试对不同语义关联情景进行判断时的眼动特征。结果发现:(1)与非语义关联情景相比,对语义关联情景材料的判断反应时较短;(2)主题关系条件下的瞳孔直径显著小于类别关系判断,凝视时间的变化与语义关联判断反应一致;(3)主题兴趣区与类别兴趣区的首次注视时间无显著差异,但不同兴趣区的回视次数和回视路径时间均存在显著差异。这表明情景间语义关系可以促进语义关联判断,而类别语义关系判断可能会受低水平视觉加工的干扰。     

大学生对艾滋病患者的责任归因及惩戒行为反应

本研究通过被试对特定情景的反应借助于结构方程模型来确定对艾滋病患者的部位和控制性归因、责任判断、情感以及惩戒行为之间的数量化关系。309名大学生被试参与了该项研究,研究结果表明：对艾滋病的内部可控归因引起较高责任推断,较高生气类情感反应和较低同情类情感反应,以及较高惩戒行为;部位和控制性归因影响到责任判断和情感反应,责任推断除了直接影响到惩戒行为反应外,还间接地以情感反应为中介对惩戒为发挥作用。论文还结合中国文化的特点对结果进行了讨论。     

风险认知策略的计算机模拟实验

风险认知策略是个体面临风险情景时的风险认知倾向,可以通过个体的行为策略加以判断。本实验采用计算机模拟风险情景,以严格的２×２×３的实验变量设计,研究个体的风险认知策略与风险情景因素的关系。实验结论表明,风险认知策略的调整与风险情景中的实际风险程度（风险概率）、风险信息类型以及对风险情景可控与不可控性的知觉有关。个体的冒险性倾向是相对稳定的心理特征,但风险认知策略的调整不仅与个体的心理特征有关,还与风险情景因素有关。     

坏念头，罪几何？意图信息的强弱变化对大学生道德判断的影响

成人在对他人的行为进行道德判断时,对意图和结果信息的利用存在不稳定的现象。Cushman提出道德判断双加工过程理论,认为当存在重大负性后果时,需要综合考虑意图和结果信息;而当不存在负性后果时,主要关注意图信息。本研究通过句式变化操控意图信息的明显性,分别考察了两组大学生在对道德情景进行判断时意图信息强弱变化所造成的影响,结果发现：（1）对中性行为进行道德判断时,突显负性意图信息后被试会增加道德谴责;（2）对负性行为进行道德判断时,道德谴责程度没有因意图信息明显性的改变而发生显著变化。此研究结果表明,在行为结果为中性时,人们主要利用意图的信息做出道德判断,但此时对负性意图的谴责程度并不稳定,容易受明显性变化的干扰。     

多线索语篇阅读中影响背景信息通达的因素

先前的研究发现,在语篇阅读中,背景信息的通达会受到情景的限制,本研究采用实时窗口阅读技术,通过双人物线索材料,进一步探讨影响这种限制作用的因素。在实验所用材料中,配角只是被提及而未在故事情景中出现,其特征描述与目标句中主角的行为形成冲突关系,以配角特征为探测句,要求被试进行意义判断。结果发现,目标句中主角的行为激活了配角的特征描述,使目标句后探测句的反应时显著短于目标句前的反应时,说明起限制作用的所谓"情景"并非故事所发生的"真实情景",而是读者根据故事所建立的"心理情景"。     

Frustration: Theory and practice

Frustration is often dismissed as a transient by-product of thwarted aspirations, a disruptive and uncivilized mark of Cain. Amsel’s work, however, shows the creative and enabling role that frustration can play in the behavior of organisms. The book epitomized here first clarifies the basic phenomenon and its causes, and then extends it by mapping its development, along with that of other behavioral markers, against the development of brain structures. One may take exception to the particulars: Are the chosen variables the best ones to measure? Is frustration an autonomous motive or is it the liberation of the arousal normally focused on the instrumental response? Is the best reading always given to the large and heterogeneous literature? But the whole of Amsel’s work transcends these particulars and exemplifies, as do few other curriculum vitae, the ideal of systematic scientific inquiry that is praised more often than practiced.     

An evaluation of the government's work experience programme for the young unemployed

An evaluation is offered of one of the Government's measures to alleviate youth unemployment-the Work Experience Programme (WEP). In a small-scale study conducted in Essex, most of the young people and employers involved in the scheme thought that its benefits considerably outweighed its disadvantages, and this view was shared by careers officers. The scheme helped the young participants to develop confidence in themselves and in their working potential, although at the same time it made them anxious about their ability and/or opportunity to continue this development. As a short-term response to youth unemployment, WEP has considerable value. Without certain improvements, however, it is not adequate for dealing with long-term structural unemployment.     

Implicit visual learning: How the task set modulates learning by determining the stimulus–response binding

Implicit learning is one of the most fundamental learning mechanisms that enables humans to adapt to regularities inherent in the environment. Despite its high flexibility, it depends on constraints, such as selective attention. Here, we focused on the stimulus-to-response binding which defines the dimensions of the stimuli and the responses participants attend to. In a serial reaction time task with a visual sequence, we investigated whether this stimulus–response binding influences the amount of sequence learning. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 showed that visual sequence learning is reduced when participants do not attend to the relevant response dimension. Furthermore, the findings of Experiment 3 suggest that attention to the relevant response dimension increased the development of explicit knowledge without affecting implicit knowledge. This latter finding is difficult to reconcile with the assumption that explicit learning results from the gradual strengthening of sequence representations.     

Debriefing and research

This paper argues that some recent research, which claims to have shown that psychological or critical incident debriefing (CID) is ineffective or can make people worse, does not provide an adequate evaluation of the effectiveness of this type of intervention. Despite the limitations of this research, it appears to have influenced some authorities and organisations to such an extent that many have now abandoned, or been advised to abandon, CID as a response to traumatic events. This paper also argues that there are certain criteria vital to the context, content and conduct of the use of CID which must be reflected in research into its effectiveness. Unless we get these criteria right, CID will continue to be misunderstood, misrepresented and misused. CID is not a panacea for all traumatic ills and it might not prevent the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as was perhaps once believed, but it is one response, amongst many, which could be used and offered when traumatic incidents occur.     

The Demandingness of Confucianism in the Case of Long-Term Caregiving 1

Trends of recent demographical development show that the world's population is aging at its fastest clip ever. In this paper, I ask whether adult children should support the life of their chronically ill parents as long as it takes, and I analyze the matter with regard to the doctrine of Confucianism.

As the virtue of filial piety plays a central role in the ethics of Confucianism, adult children will face stringent demands while giving care to their chronically ill parents. In this paper, I argue that because of the extreme moral demands Confucians impose on adult children, Confucianism is an objectionable moral theory. I also argue that if Confucianism allows these agents to opt out of the caregiving tasks, it may cause conflict with its own doctrines. For these reasons, I conclude that Confucianism cannot provide a defensible response to the problem of long-term caregiving.     

Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats: central gray lesions, preexposure, and extinction

The relation between long-term decrements of the acoustic startle response in rats and the development of freezing behavior during habituation training was examined. Freezing behavior developed over the initial trials of habituation training, and the rate of long-term response decrements was found to be inversely related to the development of freezing. Manipulations (neurological or behavioral) that either reduced the level of freezing or retarded its development promoted startle response decrements. In Experiment 1, rats receiving electrolytic lesions of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray demonstrated both accelerated long-term startle response decrements and retarded development of freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, preexposure to the startle apparatus (i.e., latent inhibition) accelerated long-term startle decrements and inhibited development of freezing. In Experiment 3, exposure to the startle apparatus following initial habituation training (i.e., extinction) reduced both freezing behavior and startle response amplitudes. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of Pavlovian fear conditioning on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response.     

Exploring the dynamics of development and evolution: comment on Blair and Raver (2012)

Blair and Raver (2012) have provided an organism-in-environment conceptualization of the development of stress response physiology and its relation to the development of self-regulation. They argue that we must consider the context in which self-regulation and stress reactivity occur to understand their implications for developmental outcome. More generally, they present a cogent argument for why it is necessary to think developmentally when considering the effects of early experience on subsequent physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Blair and Raver's article also highlights a persistent challenge for developmental theory--how to make sense of the relationship among the various timescales over which phenotypes develop and change occurs. Their efforts to identify the factors involved in the variability and stability of self-regulation over different timescales demonstrate the dividends of integrating developmental and evolutionary perspectives to better understand the malleability of phenotypic development.     

The importance of the peritraumatic experience in defining traumatic stress

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev., DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A2 stipulates that an individual must experience intense fear, helplessness, or horror during an event that threatened the life or physical integrity of oneself or others to be eligible for the PTSD diagnosis. In considering this criterion, we describe its origins, review studies that have examined its predictive validity, and reflect on the intended purpose of the criterion and how it complements the mission of the DSM. We then assert that the predictive validity of Criterion A2 may not be an appropriate metric for evaluating its worth. We also note that the current Criterion A2 may not fully capture all the salient aspects of the traumatic stress response. To support this claim, we review empirical research showing that individuals adapt to extreme environmental events by responding in a complex and coordinated manner. This complex response set involves an individual's appraisal regarding the degree to which the event taxes his or her resources, as well as a range of other cognitions (e.g., dissociation), felt emotions (e.g., fear), physiological reactions (e.g., heart rate increase), and behaviors (e.g., tonic immobility). We provide evidence that these response components may be associated with the subsequent development of PTSD. We then describe the challenges associated with accurately assessing an individual's traumatic stress response. We conclude with a discussion of the need to consider the individual's immediate response when defining a traumatic stressor.     

HMGB1在心血管疾病中的研究进展

高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group protein box1protein,HMGB1)是一组高度保守的非组织核蛋白,存在于多种真核细胞的细胞核中。其可通过活化细胞的主动分泌和坏死细胞的被动释放进入胞外,并与配体结合引发信号转导,诱导炎症介质的产生,扩大炎症反应。大量研究表明,HMGB1在心血管疾病的发生发展及转归中起着重要作用,并受到人们越来越多的关注。     

Central inhibition-some refractory observations

The observation that the response to the second of two stimuli is delayed if a response has to be made to the first has led to the development of a theory of a central refractory state during which incoming stimuli cannot be elaborated. In the experiment reported here the two stimulus-response situations have been made as independent as possible, and under these conditions it is shown that this theory cannot be maintained in its present form. The concept that the central integrating mechanism readily becomes blocked by nay single stimulus is dismissed as nonproven and uneconomic. The present findings, however, confirm previous observations that some interference between the two situations may occur but indicate that this is not necessarily maximal immediately after the presentation of the first stimulus. It is tentatively suggested that the phenomena of central inhibition can be interpreted in terms of the interaction between the excitatory and inhibitory significance of the stimuli and the internal anticipatory set.