台湾地区“代孕”立法最新进展及其启示

2007年3月21日,台湾地区在广泛调研、民主决策的基础上,终于颁布实施了《人工生殖法》,使争论已久的代孕人工生殖问题与《人工生殖法》正式脱钩,另行规制;此前,《代孕人工生殖法》草案也已经出笼,拟有条件开放代孕人工生殖。相关草案对代孕者、受术夫妻、代孕中介、代孕契约、亲子关系等问题都进行了具体规定。台湾地区的立法经验对祖国大陆完善包括代孕在内的人工生殖法具有一定的借鉴意义。     

英国"代孕"合法化二十年历史回顾

在英国,代孕人工生殖是合法的医疗手段.<布雷热报告>等调查报告对英国代孕立法产生了深远影响.为实现生殖自由、子女利益和社会秩序的平衡,英国拟制定一部专门的<代孕法>.     

从合作生殖的视角对代孕生殖含义的伦理辨析

代孕生殖技术已有三十多年的历史,一直备受争议。代孕生殖的技术概念包括完全代孕和部分代孕两类。基于遗传学联系、情感联系和伤害风险的考量,只有不孕夫妻提供精卵、代孕女性孕育分娩的完全代孕在实践中可行。同时,基于合作生殖的视角,虽然代孕生殖可能引发人们对传统婚姻伦理和亲情伦理的种种论争,但是通过完全代孕技术帮助不孕夫妻的代孕女性不是破坏婚姻关系的所谓"第三者",代孕女性"生而不养"的事实亦不应被斥责为不道德。     

代孕合法化的争议与回应

近年来，随着人类辅助生殖技术的发展，主张代孕合法化或有限合法化的趋势愈发明显。本文基于公序良俗的本土性和时代性特征，采纳以尊严为中心、权利义务相统一的话语体系，秉持明定主义的理论立场，结合对权利泛化现象的辩证分析，论证代孕在观念日新的当下并不具备合法化的法律和现实基础，禁止代孕在很长一段时间内仍是我国应当坚持的立法选择。我国现行禁止代孕的立法设计还存在不足，以致代孕行为屡禁不止，因此应尽快出台《人类辅助生殖法》,协调各相关监管机构开展联合执法，加强行政处罚力度等，从不同维度对代孕行为进行打击和监管，共同维护社会的稳定和谐。     

伦理与法律对冲下的代孕思考

人类辅助生殖技术的进步使代孕成为可能,因女性子宫机能障碍而丧失生育能力的夫妇可以借别人的子宫获得与自己有遗传关系的子女,因而代孕有其社会必然性,合理的非商业化的代孕渐被多数国家接受并立法。我国禁止任何形式的代孕,但是近年来国内不少地区代孕现象屡见报端。通过对代孕现象的探讨分析,建议应从对社会和个人有利的原则出发,制定相应的伦理规范和严格的法律政策,允许代孕技术的合理应用。     

关于“代孕爸爸”事件的生命伦理与法律问题思考

全球首位“代孕爸爸”托马斯&#183;比提的高调出现,带来了一场激烈的关于生命伦理与法律的大讨论。变性人的婚姻、生育及代孕问题让我们不得不对变性手术、人工辅助生殖技术以及代孕技术这些新兴生命技术进行再思考。我们不仅要肯定新兴生命技术的合理性,也要防止其所产生的潜在负面影响。合理利用新兴生命技术,客观地分析该事件并制定相应的法规是避免出现伦理道德和社会混乱的有效途径。     

女性主义关怀伦理学视角下的代孕探析

近年来代孕现象频频发生,由此代孕引发的纠纷越来越多.女性主义关怀伦理学是近年来刚刚兴起的新思潮,从女性主义关怀伦理学这一独特的视角对代孕问题进行探析,强调同情、关怀的价值,注重从情境、情感和经验分析,并从包容角度去看待代孕现象.从女性主义关怀伦理学的角度对代孕现象引发的伦理问题进行探析,并在此基础上提出合理的代孕伦理规约,旨在合理利用代孕手段,使其能真正为不孕不育者带来生育的希望,避免出现伦理道德和社会的混乱.     

代孕协议法律规制之我见——以代孕双方权利义务为中心

为体现规制代孕协议的公共政策和公平保护当事人的利益,通过对代孕协议的订立、生效和当事人基本权利义务的分析,从法学的角度提出,应对代孕协议的订立和效力进行较多干预,代孕母亲应在身体自治权得到尊重的范围内负有避免出生缺陷的义务和享有获得补偿的权利,代孕双方享有相应的解除权以避免根本利益的损害.     

代孕女性工具化问题的伦理辨析

代孕女性工具化问题是代孕研究的一个核心问题。代孕反对者认为代孕女性为他人生殖后代,被当作生殖工具,使代孕女性的人格尊严受到贬抑,因此代孕是不道德的。本文基于生殖能力本身具有工具属性的客观事实,从代孕女性和代孕需求方的代孕目的、代孕女性与代孕胎儿的情感异化、代孕女性与代孕婴儿的分离异化三个方面,辨析代孕女性工具化问题的含义及其伦理问题,尝试论证代孕女性未被仅仅当作生殖工具。     

代孕技术的伦理与法律思考

简要介绍了代孕的概念,指出了在我国有条件开放代孕的合理性。从家庭关系、子宫工具化和婴儿商业化三个方面给出了代孕合理性的伦理依据。从合同法、身体权、生育权三个方面给出了法律的解读。从伦理与法律两方面对我国有条件的开放代孕加以论述,并提出相应对策及理论支持。     

The journey of gestational surrogacy: religion,spirituality and assisted reproductive technologies

This article discusses the intersection of women’s experiences with the assisted reproductive technological practice of gestational surrogacy and spirituality and religion. During the interviews of eight gestational surrogates themes of spirituality-, religion- and faith-based language emerged as these women shared their narratives of assisted reproductive technologies in this Canadian study. Professionals supporting women before, during and after the experience of gestational surrogacy need to be mindful of the significance of spirituality and religion in third party reproduction practices for many women. In discussing these topics with gestational surrogates counsellors, child and youth care practitioners, faith leaders, social workers, and educators need to remain open and attentive to a multiplicity of diverse theological negotiations.     

Two questions about surrogacy and exploitation

In this article I will consider two related questions about surrogacy and exploitation: (1) Is surrogacy exploitative? (2) If surrogacy is exploitative, what is the moral force of this exploitation? Briefly stated, I shall argue that whether surrogacy is exploitative depends on whether exploitation must be harmful to the exploited party or whether (as I think) there can be mutually advantageous exploitation. It also depends on some facts about surrogacy about which we have little reliable evidence and on our philosophical view on what counts as a harm to the surrogate. Our answer to the second question will turn in part on the account of exploitation we invoke in answering the first question and in part on the way in which we resolve some other questions about the justification of state interference. I shall suggest, however, that if surrogacy is a form of voluntary and mutually advantageous exploitation, then there is a strong presumption that surrogacy contracts should be permitted and even enforceable, although that presumption may be overridden on other grounds.     

Is Commercial Surrogacy Baby-selling?

ABSTRACT This essay considers a common objection to commercial surrogacy on the grounds that the child is treated as a commodity for sale by the surrogate and the commissioning couple. I analyse one prevalent argument for the view that commercial surrogacy is a kind of baby-selling, not service-selling. I conclude that this argument rests on an implausible interpretation of what the reproductive services are. I defend an alternative interpretation of typical surrogacy agreements. Furthermore, I argue that this interpretation fails to support the conclusion that the surrogate is primarily or exclusively selling a baby, rather than her reproductive services. My primary concern is to diagnose a conceptual error in an argument against surrogacy. However, the interpretation of surrogacy arrangements that is defended helps to shift the focus from the issue of whether or not the child is degraded to the issue of whether or not the surrogate degrades herself or is degraded by the commissioning couple.     

Families created through surrogacy arrangements: parent-child relationships in the 1st year of life

Findings are presented of a study of families created through surrogacy arrangements. Forty-two surrogacy families were compared with 51 egg-donation families and 80 natural-conception families on standardized interview and questionnaire measures of the psychological well-being of the parents, the quality of parent-child relationships, and infant temperament. The differences that were identified between the surrogacy families and the other family types indicated greater psychological well-being and adaptation to parenthood by mothers and fathers of children born through surrogacy arrangements than by the natural-conception parents.     

Commodification and commercial surrogacy

... In this article I shall argue tentatively for the claim that commercial surrogacy should be legally permissible. I am more strongly convinced that a commitment to feminism should not predispose anyone against surrogacy. At least, no arguments offered so far should persuade anyone who is committed to equal rights for women and men and the dismantling of gender-based hierarchies to favor either legal prohibition or moral condemnation of commercial surrogacy.     

Families created through surrogacy: mother-child relationships and children's psychological adjustment at age 7

Each year, an increasing number of children are born through surrogacy and thus lack a genetic and/or gestational link with their mother. This study examined the impact of surrogacy on mother-child relationships and children's psychological adjustment. Assessments of maternal positivity, maternal negativity, mother-child interaction, and child adjustment were administered to 32 surrogacy, 32 egg donation, and 54 natural conception families with a 7-year-old child. No differences were found for maternal negativity, maternal positivity, or child adjustment, although the surrogacy and egg donation families showed less positive mother-child interaction than the natural conception families. The findings suggest that both surrogacy and egg donation families function well in the early school years.     

Donation, surrogacy and adoption

ABSTRACT The Warnock Report fails to reveal an important underlying principle concerning the donation and transference of gametes and embryos. This principle contrasts sharply with the principle that children are non-transferable. Consideration of where to place the line between transferable embryos and non-transferable fetuses, or children, yields a conception of surrogacy that would set it apart from adoption. The paper argues for a coherent system of surrogacy supported by regulative institutions in which surrogacy is seen to facilitate an acceptable form of parenthood.