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1.
The current research examined whether visuospatial recall of both abstract and common objects was related to gender or object
familiarity. Seventy two undergraduates from a university in the Southern U.S. were asked to draw the Rey Complex Figure and
a series of common objects from memory. A pilot sample of seventy three undergraduates had previously identified common objects
as “male” “female” and “neutral” exemplars. Males were significantly better at drawing “male” and “neutral” exemplars whereas
females were better at drawing “female” exemplars. Neither gender was significantly better at the Rey task. These results
question whether males have an inherent advantage in visual memory. Results also found that experience with playing violent
video games was associated with higher visual memory recall. 相似文献
2.
Carrie A. Ankerstein Rosemary A. Varley Patricia E. Cowell 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):172-176
In this article, we present 84 nonobjects we created by using the colored object pictures from Rossion and Pourtois (2004).
These nonobjects were explored on a number of measures, including object resemblance, visual complexity, and an object decision
task (ODT). Object resemblance for nonobjects is a construct comparable to the “word-likeness” of phonotactically legal pseudowords.
The nonobjects were rated as possible objects, showing similarity to real objects. Visual complexity ratings for objects and
nonobjects were comparable. In the ODT, response times (RTs) were significantly longer for nonobjects than for real-object
pictures. This RT difference is analogous to the word advantage, or lexicality effect, found in lexical decision tasks, in
which responses for words are generally faster than those for nonwords. This nonobject set is freely available and has the
advantage of having a companion set of real-object pictures. The nonobjects are available in color and in grayscale from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
3.
People usually categorize objects more quickly at the basic level (e.g., “dog”) than at the subordinate (e.g., “collie”) or
superordinate (e.g., “animal”) levels. Notable exceptions to this rule include objects of expertise, faces, or atypical objects
(e.g., “penguin,” “poodle”), all of which show faster than normal subordinate-level categorization. We hypothesize that the
subordinate-level reaction time advantage for faces is influenced by their discriminability relative to other faces in the
stimulus set. First, we replicated the subordinate-level advantage for faces (Experiment 1) and then showed that a basic-level
advantage for faces can be elicited by increasing the perceptual similarity of the face stimuli, making discrimination more
difficult (Experiment 2). Finally, we repeated both effects within subjects, showing that individual faces were slower to
be categorized in the context of similar faces and more quickly categorized among diverse faces (Experiment 3). 相似文献
4.
This article investigates how the perspective from which we see an object affects memory. Object identification can be affected
by the orientation of the object. Palmer, Rosch, and Chase (1981) coined the term canonical to describe perspectives in which
identification performance is best. We present two experiments that tested the effects of object perspective on memory. Our
results revealed a double dissociation between task (recognition and recall) and type of object perspective. In recognition,
items studied in the noncanonical viewpoint produced higher proportions of “old” responses than did items studied in the canonical
viewpoint, whereas new objects presented from a noncanonical viewpoint produced fewer “old” responses than did new objects
presented from the canonical viewpoint. In free recall, conversely, objects studied from the noncanonical viewpoint produced
lower recall rates than did objects studied from the canonical viewpoint. These results, which reveal a pattern similar to
word frequency effects, support the psychological reality of canonical viewpoints and the frequencyof-exposure-based accounts
of canonical viewpoint effects. 2008 Psychonomic Society, Inc 相似文献
5.
We examined whether the onset of a new object defined by illusory contours is detected with greater frequency than offset
when neither is associated with a unique sensory transient. Observers performed a “one-shot” change detection task in which
offsetting or onsetting elements of high luminance contrast circles generated the appearance or disappearance of a Kanizsa
figure. Presenting “illusory figures” via this “flicker” method ensures that (1) any unique luminance transients associated
with the two types of change are eliminated, and (2) the objects themselves can only be represented at a relatively high level.
Results showed that offsets were detected more frequently than onsets only when they generated the onset of a Kanizsa figure.
We argue that object appearance dominates object disappearance via mechanisms that operate at the level at which objects are
constructed. 相似文献
6.
Three dual-task experiments examined the influence of processing a briefly presented visual object for deferred verbal report on performance in an unrelated auditory-manual reaction time (RT) task. RT was increased at short stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) relative to long SOAs, showing that memory consolidation processes can produce a functional processing bottleneck in dual-task performance. In addition, the experiments manipulated the spatial compatibility of the orientation of the visual object and the side of the speeded manual response. This cross-task compatibility produced relative RT benefits only when the instruction for the visual task emphasized overlap at the level of response codes across the task sets (Experiment 1). However, once the effective task set was in place, it continued to produce cross-task compatibility effects even in single-task situations (“ignore” trials in Experiment 2) and when instructions for the visual task did not explicitly require spatial coding of object orientation (Experiment 3). Taken together, the data suggest a considerable degree of task-set inertia in dual-task performance, which is also reinforced by finding costs of switching task sequences (e.g., AC → BC vs. BC → BC) in Experiment 3. 相似文献
7.
The role of color diagnosticity in object recognition and representation was assessed in three Experiments. In Experiment
1a, participants named pictured objects that were strongly associated with a particular color (e.g., pumpkin and orange).
Stimuli were presented in a congruent color, incongruent color, or grayscale. Results indicated that congruent color facilitated
naming time, incongruent color impeded naming time, and naming times for grayscale items were situated between the congruent
and incongruent conditions. Experiment 1b replicated Experiment 1a using a verification task. Experiment 2 employed a picture
rebus paradigm in which participants read sentences one word at a time that included pictures of color diagnostic objects
(i.e., pictures were substituted for critical nouns). Results indicated that the “reading” times of these pictures mirrored
the pattern found in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, an attempt was made to override color diagnosticity using linguistic context
(e.g., a pumpkin was described as painted green). Linguistic context did not override color diagnosticity. Collectively, the
results demonstrate that color information is regularly utilized in object recognition and representation for highly color
diagnostic items. 相似文献
8.
Zelinsky GJ 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2003,10(3):533-555
A behavioral and computational treatment of change detection is reported. The behavioral task was to judge whether a single
object substitution change occurred between two “flickering” 9-object scenes. Detection performance was found to vary with
the similarity of the changing objects; object changes violating orientation and category yielded the fastest and most accurate
detection responses. To account for these data, theBOLAR model was developed, which uses color, orientation, and scale selective filters to compute the visual dissimilarity between
the pre- and postchange objects from the behavioral study. Relating the magnitude of the BOLAR difference signals to change
detection performance revealed that object pairs estimated as visually least similar were the same object pairs most easily
detected by observers. The BOLAR model advances change detection theory by (1) demonstrating that the visual similarity between
the change patterns can account for much of the variability in change detection behavior, and (2) providing a computational
technique for quantifying these visual similarity relationships for real-world objects. 相似文献
9.
Two lexical decision task (LDT) experiments examined whether visual word recognition involves the use of a speech-like phonological code that may be generated via covert articulation. In Experiment 1, each visual item was presented with an irrelevant spoken word (ISW) that was either phonologically identical, similar, or dissimilar to it. An ISW delayed classification of a visual word when the two were phonologically similar, and it delayed the classification of a pseudoword when it was identical to the base word from which the pseudoword was derived. In Experiment 2, a LDT was performed with and without articulatory suppression, and pseudowords consisted of regular pseudowords and pseudohomophones. Articulatory suppression decreased sound-specific ISW effects for words and regular pseudowords but not for pseudohomophones. These findings indicate that the processing of an orthographically legal letter sequence generally involves the specification of more than one sound code, one of which involves covert articulation. 相似文献
10.
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12.
Tomonaga M 《Animal cognition》2008,11(1):43-57
Two adult chimpanzees were trained on a relative “numerosity” discrimination task. In each trial, two arrays containing different
numbers of red dots were presented on a CRT monitor. The subjects were required to choose the array containing the larger
number of dots. In Experiment 1, using numerosities between 1 and 8, 28 different pairs were presented repeatedly, and accuracy
scores were analyzed to explore which cues the chimpanzee subjects utilized to perform the task. Multiple regression analyses
revealed that the subjects’ performance was (1) not simply controlled by the “numerical” difference between arrays, but that
it was (2) best described by Fechner’s Law–that is accuracy increased linearly with the logarithmic value of the numerical
difference between arrays divided by the number in the larger of the two arrays. This relationship was maintained when using
much larger numerosities (Experiment 3). In Experiment 2, the chimpanzees were tested on the effects of total area and density
by manipulating dot size and presentation area. The results revealed that these factors clearly affected the subjects’ performance
but that they could not alone explain the results, suggesting that the chimpanzees did use relative numerosity difference
as a discriminative cue. 相似文献
13.
Two studies explored interpersonal factors influencing attributions of defensiveness. In Experiment 1, 22 pairs of undergraduate
participants interviewed one another regarding their “worst failure.” Participants’ self- and other-attributions of defensiveness
following the interview did not differ significantly, indicating the absence of a self-serving bias. In Experiment 2, 48 participants,
assigned to one of three conditions, were interviewed by the experimenter about their “worst failure.” Those who received
“extremely defensive” ratings from a fictitious psychologist produced significantly higher self-ratings of defensiveness (p<.0001) than did participants who simply completed self-ratings following the interview or who watched a videotape of the
interview prior to completing self-ratings of their interview behavior. A new model of psychological defense is presented,
which can account for these results. 相似文献
14.
Mary Beth Rosson 《Memory & cognition》1983,11(2):152-160
A word can be pronounced by applying spelling-sound correspondence rules or by looking up its pronunciation in the lexicon. In contrast, a novel string with no lexical entry should be pronounceable only through rule application. Recent research, though, suggests that lexical information may contribute to the pronunciation of nonwords (Glushko, 1979; Marcel, 1980). The present three experiments tested this possibility with the logic of spreading activation. Experiment 1 found a decrease in naming latencies for target words preceded by either related words or pseudowords created from those words, implicating lexical activity in pseudoword pronunciation. In Experiment 2, words visually similar to target pseudowords were semantically primed prior to pseudoword presentation, but the expected facilitation in pseudoword naming did not appear. Experiment 3 provided strong support for the hypothesis, however, demonstrating a marked bias in the pronunciation chosen for an ambiguous pseudoword as the result of priming a visually similar word. 相似文献
15.
Koch I 《Psychological research》2009,73(3):417-424
The present study examined the role of crosstalk in dual-task interference using a combination of a nonspeeded visual task
and an auditory-manual reaction time (RT) task. The potential for dual-task crosstalk was introduced by presenting in the
visual task objects (e.g., a cup with a handle), which “afford” associated responses that were either spatially compatible
or incompatible with the response in the RT task. Crucially, the degree of crosstalk was varied by instructing participants
either to attend to the left–right orientation of the objects, creating explicit cross-task response-code overlap (“strong
crosstalk”), or to attend to object identity (no direct overlap; “weak crosstalk”). The data indicated a relative benefit
for cross-task compatible trials, which was much greater with strong crosstalk than with weak crosstalk. Crucially, however,
even on compatible trials dual-task performance was substantially worse with strong crosstalk than with weak crosstalk. This
overall cost of crosstalk suggests interference of response codes even on compatible dual-task trials.
This work was presented in August 2007 at the XVth Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP) in
Marseille, France. The author would like to thank Peter A. Frensch and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments, Julia
Klotz and Marion Marksteiner for testing the participants, and Lynn Huestegge for helpful discussions. 相似文献
16.
A. David Smith 《Synthese》2008,160(3):313-333
It is argued that Husserl was an “externalist” in at least one sense. For it is argued that Husserl held that genuinely perceptual
experiences—that is to say, experiences that are of some real object in the world—differ intrinsically, essentially and as
a kind from any hallucinatory experiences. There is, therefore, no neutral “content” that such perceptual experiences share
with hallucinations, differing from them only over whether some additional non-psychological condition holds or not. In short,
it is argued that Husserl was a “disjunctivist”. In addition, it is argued that Husserl held that the individual object of
any experience, perceptual or hallucinatory, is essential to and partly constitutive of that experience. The argument focuses
on three aspects of Husserl’s thought: his account of intentional objects, his notion of horizon, and his account of reality. 相似文献
17.
In two experiments, we investigated the activation of perceptual representations of referent objects during word processing. In both experiments, participants learned to associate pictures of novel three-dimensional objects with pseudowords. They subsequently performed a recognition task (Experiment 1) or a naming task (Experiment 2) on the object names while being primed with different types of visual stimuli. Only the stimuli that the participants had encountered as referent objects during the training phase facilitated recognition or naming responses. New stimuli did not facilitate the processing of object names, even if they matched a schematic or prototypical representation of the referent object that the participants might have abstracted during word-referent learning. These results suggest that words learned by way of examples of referent objects are associated with experiential traces of encounters with these objects. 相似文献
18.
To investigate the possibility that knowledge of two languages influences the nature of semantic representations, bilinguals
and monolinguals were compared in a word association task. In Experiment 1, bilinguals produced less typical responses relative
to monolinguals when given cues with a very common associate (e.g., given bride, bilinguals said “dress” instead of “groom”). In Experiment 2, bilinguals produced responses as typical as those of monolinguals
when given cues with high-frequency associates, but not when given cues with lowfrequency associates. Bilinguals’ responses
were also affected, to a certain extent, by the cognate status of the stimulus word pairs: They were more similar to monolinguals’
responses when the cue and its strongest associate were both cognates (e.g., minute-second is minuto-segundo in Spanish), as opposed to both being noncognates. Experiment 3 confirmed the presence of a robust frequency effect on bilingual
but not on monolingual association responses. These findings imply a lexical locus for the bilingual effect on association
responses and reveal the association task to be not quite as purely semantic as was previously assumed. 相似文献
19.
We report three experiments where the categorical perception of familiar, three-dimensional objects was investigated. A continuum of shape change between 15 pairs of objects was created and the images along the continuum were used as stimuli. In Experiment 1 participants were first required to discriminate pairs of images of objects that lay along the shape continuum. Then participants were asked to classify each morph-image into one of two pre-specified classes. We found evidence for categorical perception in some but not all of our object pairs. In Experiment 2 we varied the viewpoint of the objects in the discrimination task and found that effects of categorical perception generalized across changes in view. In Experiment 3 similarity ratings for each object pair were collected. These similarity scores correlated with the degree of perceptual categorization found for the object pairs. Our findings suggest that some familiar objects are perceived categorically and that categorical perception is closely tied to inter-object perceptual similarity. 相似文献
20.
Visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation: A neuro-cognitive theory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Werner X. Schneider 《Psychological research》1999,62(2-3):220-236
This paper addresses the issue of how visual-spatial working memory, attention, and scene representation are related. The
first section introduces a modified two-stage conception of visual-spatial processing. “Stage one” refers to low-level visual-spatial
processing and computes in parallel for the currently available retinal information “object candidates,” here called “visual-spatial
units.” An attentional process called “unit selection” allows access to stage two for one of these units at a time. Stage
two contains high-level visual-spatial information that can be used for goal-directions (e.g., verbal report, grasping). It
consists of three parallel processing streams. First, the currently selected unit is recognized; second, a spatial-motor program
for the selected unit is computed; and third, an “object file” is set up for the selected unit. An object file contains temporary
episodic representations of detailed high-level visual-spatial attributes of an “object” plus an “index.” An index acts as
a pointer and is bound via temporary connections to the attributes of the file.
Section two of this paper specifies one part of stage two in more detail, namely visual-spatial working memory (VSWM). It
can contain up to four object files. A first central claim is that during sensory-based processing for working memory (“access”),
one object file is always “on-line,” and up to three other object files are “off-line”. A second central claim is that the
process of setting up an object file depends on the number and the activation level of already stored files. Based on the
concept of activation-based competition between object files, it is postulated that the more files that are stored and the
higher their activation is, the longer it takes for a newly set up object file to reach a sufficient level of activation.
Activation-based competition is also used to explain “short-term forgetting” by “interference.” A third central claim about
VSWM is that a “refreshment' process exists that increases the activation level of an index of an object file in order to
prevent forgetting or in order to bring the file back to the state of controlling the current action. Finally, section three
gives a selective look at a number of experimental data such as the attentional blink, backward masking, dwell time effects,
transsaccadic memory, and change blindness. New explanations are offered and new predictions made.
Received: 16 January 1998 / Accepted: 25 July 1998 相似文献