Socioeconomic Differences in Psychosocial Factors Contributing to Coronary Heart Disease: A Review

Psychosocial factors have been shown to play an important role in the aetiology of coronary heart disease (CHD). A strong association between CHD and socioeconomic status (lower-level education, poor financial situation) has also been well established. Socioeconomic differences may thus also have an effect on psychosocial risk factors associated with CHD, and socioeconomic disadvantage may negatively affect the later prognosis and quality of life of cardiac patients. The aim of this study was to review the available evidence on socioeconomic differences in psychosocial factors which specifically contribute to CHD. A computer-aided search of the Medline and PsycINFO databases resulted in 301 articles in English published between 1994 and 2007. A comprehensive screening process identified 12 empirical studies which described the socioeconomic differences in CHD risk factors. A review of these studies showed that socioeconomic status (educational grade, occupation or income) was adversely associated with psychosocial factors linked to CHD. This association was evident in the case of hostility and depression. Available studies also showed a similar trend with respect to social support, perception of health and lack of optimism. Less consistent were the results related to anger and perceived stress levels. Socioeconomic disadvantage seems to be an important element influencing the psychosocial factors related to CHD, thus, a more comprehensive clarification of associations between these factors might be useful. More studies are needed, focused not only on well-known risk factors such as depression and hostility, but also on some lesser known psychosocial factors such as Type D and vital exhaustion and their role in CHD.     

For Better and Worse: Social Influences on Coronary Heart Disease Risk

From the neighborhoods we live in to those we marry, other people are a part of our everyday lives. Mounting evidence suggests that these social factors constitute risk and resilience influences for coronary heart disease (CHD). The current aim is to summarize the literature into four representative categories relating to CHD risk: social environments, social roles, social resources, and close relationships. The argument is made that these factors moderate and mediate stress and associated physiological responses constituting a psychosomatic pathway to disease.     

The Relationship Between Religious Service Attendance and Coronary Heart Disease and Related Risk Factors in Saskatchewan, Canada

Research suggests that attending religious services could provide small yet important protective benefits against coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD risk factors (e.g., diabetes, hypertension). The extent to which these benefits apply to Canada deserves study because approximately one-third of adult Canadians attend religious services at least monthly. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the association between frequency of religious service attendance and prevalence of (1) CHD, (2) diabetes, and (3) hypertension in Canada. We used the Saskatchewan sample (n = 5,442) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS-4.1) and built multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate associations between religious service attendance and self-reported CHD, diabetes, and hypertension. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic and health behavior variables, the association between religious service attendance and prevalence of CHD was not significant (OR = 0.82; 95 % CI 0.61–1.11). However, persons who attended religious services more than once a week exhibited lower prevalence odds of diabetes (OR = 0.60; 95 % CI 0.45–0.80) and hypertension (OR = 0.82; 95 % CI 0.68–0.99) compared to persons who attended less than once a year. The findings of this study are the first to suggest religious service attendance may be associated with a lower prevalence of CHD risk factors in Canada.     

Marital Status and Outcome in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of marital status to health outcomes in 818 post-MI, coronary artery bypass surgery, and angioplasty patients (651 males, 157 females) from seven Northern California hospitals who completed 12 months of a nurse-managed, home-based multifactorial risk reduction program. Compared to married patients, nonmarried patients were significantly less likely to complete the program than married patients, more likely to smoke at baseline, and drank significantly less alcohol at baseline. At 12 months there were no significant differences between married and nonmarried groups on smoking cessation rates, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, or exercise treadmill test results. When patients were categorized as married, divorced, separated, widowed, or single, similar results were found for the analyses using two groups (married versus nonmarried), with the following exceptions. Separated patients were significantly less likely to quit smoking. In addition, separated patients showed significantly higher rates of starting (and continuing) to smoke during the time following their MI. Mortality was not significantly different between married and unmarried patients. Implications for intervention with separated patients and the importance of assessing both marital status and marital quality are discussed.     

干细胞移植治疗冠心病的现状与未来

冠心病仍然是全球的主要死亡原因.其所造成的心肌梗死及慢性心力衰竭对生活质量的影响和由此造成的高额医疗费用促使我们不断寻求新的医疗措施.近几年有关干细胞用于心肌梗死后心肌再生、心肌内新生血管形成,可能还会改善梗死后的心功能的研究成为心脏病学研究的最热门领域.尽管干细胞治疗有可能使心力衰竭的治疗得到彻底的革命,但仍有部分问题需要澄清.已发表的各个研究结果设计不尽相同,致使对该项治疗的效果较难得出一致的结论.但这些研究都强调干细胞治疗在未来心血管疾病的治疗中可能会发挥较大的作用.干细胞治疗与药学、外科及介入治疗的结合会显著改善冠心病患者的预后.     

Depression in Women with Heart Disease: The Importance of Social Role Performance and Spirituality

Compared with men, women are more likely to experience depression, and depression increases risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with heart disease. Psychosocial interventions have been developed for depressed patients with heart disease; however, women's experience of chronic disease differs from men's and women may benefit from interventions tailored to address their difficulties. Spirituality and social roles have been related to depressive symptoms in other populations. To identify the relationship between depression and spirituality and social role performance (i.e., role concerns, role rewards and confidence in ability to fulfill roles) in women with heart disease, we assessed depressive symptoms, spirituality, social role functioning and medical history in 125 women with heart disease. After controlling for age and severity of medical conditions, spirituality, role confidence and role concerns were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Consideration of spirituality and aspects of social role performance may be important when developing psychosocial interventions for depressed women with heart disease.     

四种新型因子与冠心病关系的研究进展

自冠心痛被发现以来,其危险因子就不断地被发现,现已发现了约200多种冠心病的危险因子,既往已知的体内的危险因子有血脂异常、纤维蛋白原、血清同型半胱氨酸、妊娠相关性血浆蛋白A、白介素-6等.近些年来随着研究人员对冠心病的不断深入研究,又发现了一些新的体内的危险因子,如:血浆超敏C反应蛋白、D-二聚体、血管性血友病因子和脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2等,临床上通过对这些新的危险因子的检测分析,有助于对冠心病发生发展、诊断、治疗及预后的判断.     

纳米细菌与冠心病

最近新发现的纳米细菌是目前已知的最小的细菌,其直径为几十至几百纳米.与其它细菌不同,它们是一种生长繁殖缓慢,能通过普通滤菌器(0.2um),吴有生物矿化作用和一定抗辐射能力,革兰氏染色阴性的球形细菌.它们最特殊的生物学特性是可以在生理状态的钙、磷浓度下分泌主要由羟磷石灰碳酸盐构成的保护性外壳.因此,它们被认为与机体内病理性钙化密切相关.近年来研究发现,它们可能是冠心病的一种感染性致病源.抗纳米细菌治疗的临床实验显示在冠心病患者中具有一定疗效.     

高尿酸血症与冠心病之间的关系

高尿酸血症是一种嘌呤代谢障碍性疾病,早期人们主要关注高尿酸血症对关节及肾脏的影响,但随着尿酸水平的升高,患心血管疾病的风险也相应的增加,近年来越来越多的研究用于证明高尿酸血症与心血管疾病之间的相互作用,人们才逐渐关注高尿酸血症对心血管疾病的影响,并且一直是学者关注的焦点之一,高尿酸血症是否为冠心病的独立危险因素？高尿酸血症是否直接和冠心痛的预后相关？两者之间的关系一直存在争议,本文就高尿酸血症与冠心病关系、高尿酸血症对冠心痛影响的可能机制作一综述.     

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Coronary Heart Disease

Researchers have for many years attempted to establish a relationship between coronary heart disease (CHD) and personality type. In our study, 103 subjects completed Form G of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). Comparisons were made between 93 CHD patients and an age-appropriate control group (Group C) on each of the four MBTI dimensions: Extraversion-Introversion, Sensing-Intuition, Thinking-Feeling, and Judging-Perceiving. The comparison between CHD patients and Group C showed that CHD patients were significantly more likely to prefer sensing and feeling.     

Family Socioeconomic Status and Social Media Addiction in Female College Students: The Mediating Role of Impulsiveness and Inhibitory Control

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that low family socioeconomic status (SES) not only is a social issue, but also is a precursor to addiction to social media and other technologies. The authors investigated the relationship between family SES, stress, impulsiveness and inhibitory control, and social media addiction among Chinese female college students. The findings revealed that in lower-SES families, increased social media addiction was associated with reduced inhibitory control and increased stress and impulsiveness. A structural equation model was used to examine the mediation model hypothesis, and the results confirmed the mediating role of no-planning impulsiveness and inhibitory control between family educational level and social media addiction among Chinese female college students. These findings demonstrate the importance of reducing impulsiveness and improving inhibitory control for preventing social media addiction in female college students of low SES. Future studies are required to confirm precursors to social media addiction, elucidate causal mechanisms, and support the explanatory model of social media addiction.     

从冠心病主要危险因素的流行特点谈医学模式的转变

随着人民生活水平的提高,冠心病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,不仅造成个人很高的致残率或致死率,而且给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担,冠心病已成为当前一个重要的公共卫生问题.而冠心痛是一个多病因疾病,是可防可控的.充分了解冠心病危险因素的流行现状及危害,转变理念,着眼预防,逐步改变目前"重治轻防"的医学模式,是我们心血管医生神圣的使命.     

从冠心病主要危险因素的流行特点谈医学模式的转变

随着人民生活水平的提高,冠心病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,不仅造成个人很高的致残率或致死率,而且给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担,冠心病已成为当前一个重要的公共卫生问题。而冠心病是一个多病因疾病,是可防可控的。充分了解冠心病危险因素的流行现状及危害,转变理念,着眼预防,逐步改变目前"重治轻防"的医学模式,是我们心血管医生神圣的使命。     

Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise in Outpatients with Coronary Heart Disease: Role of Depressive Symptoms and Positive Affect

Heart rate recovery after 1 min of exercise cessation (HRR-1) is an important prognostic factor in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to further elucidate the association between HRR-1 and known psychosocial risk factors in patients referred for comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation. We examined 521 patients with coronary heart disease in the first week of an outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and positive (PA) and negative affect were rated with the Global Mood Scale. Depressive symptoms showed a significant inverse relationship with HRR-1 (p?<?.05), controlling for sociodemographic and medical covariates, whereas anxiety symptoms did not show a significant association. PA made a significant contribution to HRR-1 as well (p?<?.05). Our findings suggest an independent association between HRR-1 and psychosocial risk factors of CVD.     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病

对冠心病高危因素积极地预防及治疗,可降低冠心痛的患病率和病死率.已经得到公认的临床甲状腺功能减退通过引起代谢及血流动力学紊乱而参与了冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展.目前,国内外许多临床研究显示亚临床甲状腺功能减退通过多种途径参与冠心病的发生和发展,是冠心病的重要危险因素之一.     

Satisfaction with Family Life in South Africa: The Role of Socioeconomic Status

This paper investigates the determinants of self-reported satisfaction with family life, applied to the South African context, with socioeconomic status (SES) as the main covariate and family functioning as the secondary covariate of interest. An individual-, household-, and subjective SES index is constructed via multiple correspondence analysis. Structural equation modelling (SEM) and multiple-group SEM (MGSEM) are used to analyse the role of SES in explaining satisfaction with family life. Higher levels of SES, especially household SES and subjective SES, are related to greater satisfaction with family life. Family functioning, in terms of better family flexibility, is associated with higher satisfaction with family life. The MGSEM results indicate that the role of family flexibility in explaining satisfaction with family life is similar across SES quartiles; family flexibility is an important predictor of family-life satisfaction, regardless of SES quartile.     

Comprehending Expository Texts: The Role of Cognitive and Motivational Factors

This study explored the differential contribution of cognitive and motivational factors on the comprehension of an expository text in secondary school students. One hundred and fifty-five 7^th and 8^th grade students were assessed in prior knowledge, inferences, metacognition, reading motivation, topic interest, and reading comprehension of history text. According to the multiple regression analyses, inferences and self-efficacy uniquely contributed to reading comprehension. Intrinsic motivation moderated the association between metacognition and reading comprehension of a history text. These results confirm that the final outcome of reading comprehension greatly depends on a complex interplay between cognitive and motivational variables.