联想实驗及其临床应用(Ⅱ)

在对健康人进行联想实驗的同时,我們也对几种神經症、精神分裂症、癲癇、躁狂症和抑郁症等患者进行了研究。本文是研究神經症患者的一些資料的初步总結。 自伊万諾夫-斯莫林斯基于1917年首先将联想实驗用于人类高級神經活动的研究后,許多作者以此方法研究了神經症患者的皮层动力特点,他們所得結果頗不一     

神經衰弱、高血压、潰瘍病患者大脑皮层机能状态的某些差異

神經系統,更确切地說是大脑皮层,調节着机体的各种活动。19世紀末,謝切諾夫就已闡述过这种調节作用。他指出:“身体的一切运动器官(肌肉)和很多腺体的正常工作都是在神經系統的刺激之下进行的。20世紀初,巴甫洛夫通过实驗研究,进一步丰富了这种調节作用的理論。以后貝柯夫院士以大量的实驗工作,更系統地証实了大脑皮层对     

联想实驗及其临床应用(Ⅰ)

精神分析学派把联想实驗用在临床上寻找病人的情綜,而苏联伊万諾夫-斯莫林斯基等用联想实驗研究人类正常与病理的高級神經活动。伊万諾夫-斯莫林斯基认为联想实驗主要是研究第二信号系統的活动,它与研究第一信号系統活动的方法相配合,便可研究两种信号系統活动的相互关系。     

K.S.Lashley和大脑皮层的整合作用

K.S.Lashley(1890—1958)为美国著名行为主义心理学家,其一生主要从事研究动物脑的机能与行为的关系問題。1929年9月,他以美国心理学会会长的名义向第九屆国际心理学代表大会发表了《行为的基本神經机制》的演说,后来登载在1930年的《心理学評論》上。由于这篇演说集中地攻击了反射的理論,当时就引起巴甫洛夫的反击,写了一篇題为《生理学者对心理学者的答复》的文章,发表在同年的《心理学評論》上。在这篇文章里,巴甫洛夫提出了著名的反射理論的三個基本原理。自从巴甫洛夫于1936年逝世以后,Lashley继續做了不少实驗并写了不少文章支持和发展他自己的观点,直至他逝世。Lashley的大部分实驗是用白鼠做的,但也用猿猴作为实驗的对象。他的机械主义的行为主义观点,在晚年已愈来愈和格式塔学派趋于接近了。但無論如何,由于他的研究涉及許多心理学的基本理論問題,并且由于他儼然自成一学派,对心理学影响很大,所以他的实驗事实和理論观点值得我們注意,批判其錯誤的观点,吸取其有益的事实。最近美国出版了《Lashley的神經心理学》一书,选载了他生前的卅一篇重要的论文,包括引起巴甫洛夫爭論的那篇演讲詞在內?鸫笱е睦硌Ы淌贓.G.Boring特为此书写了绪言,概括地敘述了Lashley一生中实驗研究的重要工作和理论著述,特为譯出,以供国內心理学者、生理学者及其他有关学种的同志們参考。     

以联合不同联系系統的方法对正常和異常兒童高級神經活动的研究(研究Ⅰ)——正常儿童高級神經活动的研究

智力活动病理变化的生理基础,首先是大脑皮层綜合活动的破坏。 巴南洛夫学派用条件反射方法,研究了大脑皮层的綜合活动。根据巴甫洛夫学說,对任何刺激物形成条件反射的生理机制,是在条件刺激物所引起的皮层兴奋灶和由无条件反应的影响所引起的皮层兴奋灶之間,形成暫时神經联系。这种皮层两个兴奋灶之間暫时神經联系的接通,也就是大脑皮层綜合活动的最簡单形式。     

小学儿童段意概括技能的形成——选择标题的分析综合活动的实验研究

問題 概括技能的形成,实貭上是指儿童自觉地实現选择与运用正确的方法,考虑到一定的条件与导致相应的抽象結果的分析-綜合活动的过程。这种过程的实現,有它的外部表現:一方面表現在动作反应中,另方面表現在言語活动中。对于同样一篇課文,不同被試并不是实現着同样的內部分析綜合活动,因而也就不会表現出同样的外显动作与言語反应。 本实驗是儿童閱讀概括技能形成的研究的一个組成部分。其目的在于:(1)試图从     

神經衰弱的自觉症状与皮肤电现象

問題我国近年来对神經症病因与发病机制的研究有不少报告,但对症状的心理生理分析則比較少。在病理心理学方面有关皮肤电現象的工作,早年的研究者多企图发現各类疾病的特征性曲綫。欧德格的实驗強調了症状的分析。我們也曾提出了类似的看法,并指出必須从病人当时的病理心理状态来考虑曲綫的特点。     

儿童对复合刺激物形成条件反射和分化的年龄特点

分析-綜合活动,也就是高級神經活动能以区分复杂現象的組成成分,并把它們联合成为整体的特性,是大脑两半球活动的重要原則之一。众所周知,在通常情况下,外界环境是以多种多样的形式对有机体起作用的。根据巴甫洛夫学說,正是大脑两半球的分析-綜合活动保証了有机体对如此复杂的、变化多端的外界环境以最精确和最灵活的适应。 早在1906年,巴甫洛夫实驗室中的A.B.巴拉金、捷廖里、別里立玆維依格等人就开始用对复合刺激物形成条件反射的方法,来研究动物大脑皮层的分析-綜合活动。此后,伊万諾夫-斯莫稜斯基、撕基平、沃罗宁等人在这方面也作了許多工作。但这些工作还未能洞察出对复合刺激物形成暫时联系的接通机制,更不足以完全揭露人的大脑皮层的分析-綜合活动的特点。     

心理治療在慢性精神分裂症中的应用

心理治疗在精神分裂症中的应用曾經历曲折的过程。自从1933年胰島素昏迷、卞地查痙攣、电痙攣等一系列所謂“休克疗法”相继問世并大大提高精神分裂症的疗效以后,各国学者对精神分裂症的研究曾重点轉移到神經、內分泌、代謝障碍等方面的病理生理和生化問題上,并且获得了丰碩的成果,因而对心理治疗的兴趣就显著地減退了。然而目前神經、高級神經活动生理或生化机制并不能圓滿地解释病人所呈現的各种特殊的心理現象,所以心理动力学的問題随着神經生理和生化方面研究的深入发展,又引起人們的注     

有关神經衰弱患者記忆問題的实驗研究

一、实驗的目的及意义 記忆障碍是神經衰弱患者感到非常苦恼的症状之一。1958年我們即設計仪器,試图进行这方面的研究,以期更好地从临床上測定患者的記忆障碍情况,进一步配合心理治疗消除患者的記忆障碍。法国人Rjbot曾进行过神經衰弱患者的記忆研究,苏联学者曾对某些脑外伤患者的記忆破坏后的情况进行过研究。我国实际从事这方面的研究还不多見。 过去許多心理学家曾对健康人的記忆过程进行过多方面的研究,但大多数是从資产     

THE INTERACTION OF BIASES IN THE EVALUATION OF MANAGERS IN SINGAPORE

In this study, independent samples from the same population responded to three simulated situations in which sex and other independent variables were manipulated. In the first two cases, discriminatory decisions against women managers by male respondents were clearly discerned. However, in the third case where sex as an independent variable interacted with developmental potential, the pattern of evaluative decisions changed. A high-potential female was treated as favourably as a high-potential male while the low-potential male received the lowest selection rate from the male respondents. While the finding is not altogether surprising in a meritocratic society like Singapore, the study points to the need to explore the interactive effects which sex bias may have with other attitudes in a specific social context.     

THE RAPE OF MEDUSA IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA: ASPECTS OF TRIANGULATION IN THE GIRL2

The relationship between the Greek goddess Athena and her father Zeus, together with the competitive hostility she displays towards other females, is presented as illustrating some previously neglected aspects of triangular developmental conflicts in the little girl. Literature on ‘the Oedipus complex in the female’ is reviewed and discussed. The mythological early histories of both Athena and the female monster Medusa are examined for the light they can shed on female developmental vicissitudes and resultant conflicts in both women and men. Unconscious split representations of women as assertive, phallic and dangerous, or alternatively passive, castrated and receptive result in defensive repudiation of the idea that a woman can be both actively assertive and also feminine and sexual. Athena's enraged action of transforming the beautiful young maiden Medusa into a monster as punishment for the ‘crime’ of having been raped in her temple is discussed as illustrating an outcome of the lack of resolution of the little girl's early triangular conflicts.     

THE INTERPLAY OF THE TWO HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

Several authors have written intriguingly about the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Each hemisphere perceives the world differently, impacting that which it looks upon and reinforcing our particular world view. Notably, the left hemisphere, has always been assumed to be the dominant hemisphere, but only because it has language and is so adept at formulating arguments. The detached mode of the left hemisphere, while useful and necessary to get distance, is no more real than the engaged, imaginative approach of the right hemisphere. Having written about self-sufficiency as a defense against feeling alone and helpless, I now consider these rational, problem solving, answer generating, and planning activities as products of the left hemisphere. The approach that I am suggesting is of calling our patients’ attention to how their left hemisphere overpowers the new, more uncertain voice of the right hemisphere just after it speaks in a session.     

THE STAR OF CHRIST IN THE LIGHT OF ASTRONOMY

Abstract Centuries of both theologians and astronomers have wondered what the Star of Bethlehem (Matt 2:2, 9) actually was, from miracle to planetary conjunction. Here a history of this search is presented, along with the difficulties the various proposals have had. The natural theories of the Star are found to be a recent innovation, and now almost exclusively maintained by scientists rather than theologians. Current problems with various theories are recognized, as well as general problems with the approach. The interactions between the sciences and religion are categorized and explored.     

THE STRUCTURE OF ABILITIES IN THE RETARDED

The ability structure in retarded women was studied on the same lines as with men (Kebbon, 1965). The women, 89 in number, were between 17 and 54, their IQ's between 40 and 90. Factor analysis was done of their scores on 16 tests measuring four factors—verbal, spatial-inductive, numerical and psychomotor. Comparison with the corresponding scores from 89 matched men and 92 normal men indicated that, in terms of these factors, retarded women have the same ability structure as retarded men, and that both have a similar structure to that of persons of average and superior intelligence.