如何看待道德与幸福的一致性

从主观性维度看,有自我关注、自我—他者之间的关注和他者关注三种理解方式;以自我关注为中心,亚里士多德的德性伦理敞开了试图决定如何生活的个人的主观性视野;介于自我—他者之间的关注,康德的义务论伦理涉及一个能够理解此主观性的"第三方"立场;以他者关注为重点,列维纳斯的他者伦理凸显了他者面容的伦理意义及必须与他者"面对面"的伦理主观性视阈。依据关于道德探究的形态学预设,"道德与幸福"之一致性问题的探讨有三种形态分布上的趋向:指向"心灵秩序"的德性至善论;指向"行为法则"的道德自由论;指向"他者面容"的伦理责任论。它们构成了与"幸福"关联的道德探究的道德形态学分布的三条问题轴线:应当如何生活?应当做什么?应当如何在一起?     

马丁·布伯的对话伦理

以"我—你"关系为基础,布伯建构了他的对话伦理。对话伦理具有"呼唤"和"回应"的关系结构,它要求人敞开自身,经由对生命中所遭遇的他者的"呼唤"之"回应"来实现对他者的责任。布伯强调上帝在对话伦理情境中的在场,由此,对他者回应的对话伦理同时也是对上帝负责的宗教伦理。对话伦理将对他者的关怀与责任和对上帝的追求结合在一起,使得人们在凡俗中发现神圣,在当下遭遇永恒,在对有限他者的责任中实现对上帝的绝对责任。     

克尔凯郭尔对“捆绑以撒”的伦理与宗教解读

以"捆绑以撒"为主题,克尔凯郭尔为伦理与宗教二者关系的疑难提出了解决之道。首先,克尔凯郭尔突显了"捆绑以撒"叙事的生存论维度,个体需要直面作为"杀人犯"的亚伯拉罕和作为"信仰之父"的亚伯拉罕之间的冲突。其次,针对伦理的理性,克尔凯郭尔认为,宗教不能化约为伦理,个体性高于普遍性。再次,针对宗教的权威,克尔凯郭尔认为,宗教不能缺失伦理的他者之维,个体在信仰的悖论中实现了上帝之爱和他者之爱的和解。最后,本文从思想史的角度对克尔凯郭尔的独特进路进行了评价。     

商谈伦理对德育课的启示——以《思想道德修养与法律基础》的教学为例

哈贝马斯的商谈伦理旨在通过交往合理性来解决人类社会的各种冲突,他坚信人因为可以具备交往理性而彼此在必要问题上通过商谈而达成基本的普遍性共识.这一思想适用于我国大学<思想道德修养与法律基础>课的教学方法的改进,使教师主导与学生主体两者有机融合.前者体现为教师对课堂的组织和协调,对学生的启发和诱导;后者体现为所有学生有权对所涉价值观进行独立思考、平等交流和自主选择.     

儒家“仁”之伦理与关怀伦理可否兼容？——关于这场争论的评述

关怀伦理与儒家"仁"之伦理能否兼容?学者们通过这两种伦理学对"仁"与"关怀"等概念的解读;对原则和普遍性的批判与再批判;对传统的脱离或依归;对女性主义立场的态度等方面得出截然不同的结论.李成杨认为儒家伦理与关怀伦理能够兼容,二者可以整合为一种全新的伦理学形式.而斯塔和苑莉均等学者则从不同的角度对李成杨的观点进行批驳,表示二者虽然有某种程度上的相似性,但绝不具有兼容的根基与可能.     

审美主体与伦理主体的比较研究

本文通过对审美主体和伦理主体的比较研究揭示了个体存在的伦理层面的含义。首先考察了老庄和海德格尔的后现代宗教式的主体和儒家形而上的宗教主体,以及儒家就伦理问题对于老庄的挑战。结论是他们都缺乏把他者的生存作为自己的绝对的责任的伦理含义,因而是审美主体：其次,通过对于环境主体和伦理主体及审美主体的关系的讨论,阐释了这样一个哲学基本问题：伦理存在必须以有限性存在为前提;而后者只是一个哲学的抽象。片面地强调人的有限性(尼采),片面强调有限存在与超越者的关系(老庄和海德格尔),或否认人的有限性,这些观点都忽略了人在这个世界上的伦理责任。后现代伦理学是指我,作为一个个体(me),对于他者的一切负有不可推卸的责任。     

论伦理理解

多元主义时代,社会进步与文明发展的一个基本前提就是不同主义、不同文化间的相互理解。当代世界,"伦理理解"的文化症候不断涌现,现实、历史与哲学的发展都在不同程度上期待"伦理理解"。伦理理解,包括理解"伦理"与"伦理"理解,二者构成了伦理理解的基本范型。理解"伦理",以伦理学基本问题(义利、名实、群己)的辩证统一,完成对于生活世界、语言世界和实践世界的辩证循环理解;"伦理"理解,以"伦理"理解世界,试图沟通不同文化之间的"我们"与"他者"的相互理解。走向当下现实的"伦理理解",从主体性视角就是"类本质"意识的觉醒与自觉而生成的"类主体",从伦理共同体视角就是"人类命运共同体"的价值共识与实践建构。     

立德树人教育目标实现的伦理机理与路径

国家立德树人的教育目标落实到现实中去,其实现的伦理机理与路径主要从四个方面展开:为师者从立德、立言、立教的"三立"实现,以完成教师最高层次价值建构,从"道""理""体"的视阈进行价值铺设,教师是先行者;为学者以达德、达言、达行的"三达"实现,以完成学生层次价值建构,从"道""器""用"的视阈对学生进行价值引导,学生是学习者;学生成为社会人,为人者以修善、修智、修身的"三修"实现,以完成人才层次价值建构,从"性""智""和"的视阈进行价值引导,人本身是道德和理论的拥有者;国家和社会承担立德树人的条件保障职责,以树制、树伦、树心的"三树"实现,以完成现实层次价值建构,从"事""势""美"的视阈进行行为引导,国家和社会本身是伦理和制度的推行者。     

儒家“德行伦理”与中国伦理形态的现代建构

从儒家经典的分析中可以发现,儒家伦理形态是一种不同于西方美德伦理(Virtue Ethics)和规则伦理(Normative Ethics)的"德行伦理"。它涵蕴着内外两个向度:就内在向度而言,是"在心为德",强调行为者的道德心理是"德"之实现的内在根据,并赋予人之为人的目的性价值,这在后儒对孟子的承续与发展中呈现出丰富的图景;就外在向度而言,是"施之为行",即同时强调行为规则在"德"之实现中的价值。基于此内外统一的理论进路,儒家德行伦理虽然兼及了"Virtue Ethics"或"Normative Ethics"的意涵,却不宜直接将其纳入二者的分析框架,而应作为一种独立的伦理形态而存在。也正是在这个意义上,"儒家德行伦理"作为一种"会通型"伦理形态的地方性资源,应积极参与创建新时代条件下的全球伦理,而这也正是当代中国伦理形态现代建构的方向所指。"现代性转化"与"开放性吸收"始终是这个过程不可省略的方法和立场。     

论勒维纳斯的伦理意向性

勒维纳斯肯定意向性理论在现象学中的重要性,但不认同胡塞尔的意识意向性以及海德格尔的生存意向性,展显了一种超越认知意向性的别样的伦理意向性。自我在"逃离"中遭遇到"他者",初步彰显了伦理意向性。在自我面向他者中,伦理意向性得以最终确立。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.