庐山慧远的理念及其现代意义

一、序论佛教传入中国,之所以能在中国生根,其中有两点常谈论及的原因,特别能显出东晋时代中国佛教的处境与面对的问题:一、东汉末年至东晋的一百多年间,战乱迭起,民不聊生,有利佛教传播;二、儒学与名教在汉末衰落,思想界出现混乱,知识阶层另行摸索人生方向,而归于周易与老庄,玄风兴起,成为佛学生根的契机。以上两点适合佛教成长的因缘,却也相对地引起许多困难。由于乱世的原因,百姓不堪战火的困苦,纷纷奉佛出家,造成僧团芜杂,屡屡成为朝臣、士人攻击佛教的口实。其次,因西晋之亡,南下的贵族增多,抑制了原为江南土著的地方豪族势力,以致造成…     

佛教对陶渊明的影响

东晋末当时的时代背景、士人心态、陶渊明的生活环境及其交友情况等各方面而论，他难免要在自觉不自觉中受到佛教思想的影响，这从他的作品内容及风格中可以看出。     

"竹林七贤"名号之流传与东晋中前期政局

"竹林七贤"之名号,自史学大家陈寅恪提出是东晋士人比附佛教内典而成,并非历史事实后,在学术界引起了广泛的争议和讨论.本文仔细爬梳了有关史料,指出最早记载"竹林七贤"名号的是出自西晋末期、至迟是两晋之交时期的<魏纪>.而其在流传过程中引发的种种争议,与东晋初期琅琊王氏、颍川庾氏、陈郡谢氏三大家族的矛盾密切相关.     

佛教的接受与传统命运观的改变

佛教的接受与传统命运观的改变［日］中隆藏一土生土长的中国人接受作为外国思想的佛教时，最大障碍之一，是佛教赖以成立的命运观和当时中国人习惯的命运观之间所存在的巨大隔阂。东晋末的戴逢、齐梁时期的范缜、陈朝朱世卿等，他们有的不信仰佛教，有的攻击佛教，表现的...     

儒佛政治伦理的冲突与融合——以沙门拜俗问题为中心

中国佛教徒曾经长期以"高尚其迹"相标榜,坚持出家不拜俗的印度传统.一些固守儒家传统的人士攻击佛教"无父无君",损害了封建纲常名教.从东晋至唐朝,朝廷举行了多次关于沙门拜俗的争论,其中以东晋成康、元兴、唐高宗龙朔二年的争论最为激烈.中国佛教僧人在元代彻底地改变了出家人不拜俗的戒条,接受了儒家忠孝至上的政治伦理原则.中国佛教与王权的关系体现了中国佛教以出世的精神服务于现实政治的伦理关怀,体现了中国传统政治的民主精神和对外来宗教文化的宽容态度,体现了儒家的忠孝伦理在中国传统社会的主导价值,体现了佛教"契机契理"的圆融精神.     

试论慧远的佛教哲学思想

慧远,山西代县人,生于公元334年(东晋成帝咸和九年),卒于公元416年(东晋安帝义熙十二年),一生大体上和东晋同始终。慧远是东晋时继道安后的佛教领袖,他的佛教哲学思想在中国佛教思想史上占有重要地位,在我国漫长的封建社会中起了恶劣的影响。因此,揭示慧远佛教思想的内幕,剖析其本质,从而肃清其影响,是很有必要的。本文试图就慧远的佛教哲学思想作一初步的论述和批判。一、慧远所处的时代及其生平慧远的佛教哲学思想,是东晋时代社会经济政治的产物,同时也和他个人的生活经历有密切的联系。所以,在判析慧远的佛教哲学思想以前,有必要先简述一下他所处的时代及其生平。     

中国古代的佛教僧官制度

佛教传入后最初在上层社会流布。显然汉代的皇帝和宗室接受佛教是后者得以发展的基本前提。确凿的材料显示南北朝时代的后秦时代已有完整的僧官制度。其实还要早一些,即在北魏时代皇帝就已经委任了管理佛教僧人的官员。法果就曾受命为“道人统”。僧官的设立早在东晋及北魏之际。     

东晋南朝比丘尼自主性社会活动及影响因素探析——以《比丘尼传》为中心

东晋南朝时期比丘尼初登佛教历史舞台,这一群体与比丘僧人共同推动佛教在东晋南朝的传播弘扬。佛教超脱出俗、远离尘世的主旨并未使她们完全脱离世俗生活,主动自由地参与社会活动成为此时比丘尼的时代特点。积极参与社会活动的比丘尼获得了较高的社会认可和社会地位。尼僧高行者以其卓越的才学、独特的人格魅力和出色的社会活动能力推动了佛教在中国的弘扬和发展,做出了女性特有的贡献。东晋南朝时期佛教内部推行的限制较少的比丘尼戒律、当时各个政权对佛教的扶持政策、佛教相对超世俗的独立精神等使得比丘尼能够获得从事自主性社会活动的支持。同时,比丘尼自主性社会活动的记录也应与《比丘尼传》作者释宝唱有意弘法的撰写目的有关。     

六朝私家园林与佛教

众所周知,中国私家园林的大规模出现始于六朝(主要在东晋、南朝时期)。这一园林现象的勃兴是多利,原因造成的。而其中佛教信仰则与私家园林兴盛以一种相辅相成的关系联系在一起。一方面,佛教的盛行促使了私家园林的勃兴;另一方面,私家园林又促进了佛事活动更人规模的开展。这种佛教与私家园林的密切关联,还对六朝文学产生了很大影响,它导致了以谢灵运为代表的"以佛对山水"的园林山水涛的形成。 一、佛教的盛行与私家园林的勃兴 佛教之所以能对私家园林的兴盛发生影响,主要在于佛学在义理     

论东晋慧远大师对中国文化的回应--以回应本土伦理责难为例

慧远大师是我国东晋时期著名的义学高僧，他为佛教的中国化作出了杰出贡献。从东晋时期本土文化对佛教的伦理责难切入，阐释当时慧远大师如何回应、吸收本土文化并在这一过程中促进佛教的中国化进程。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Dance and psychotherapy--possibilities and limits

From a starting point of therapeutic and prophylactic components identifiable in the dance, the authors regard the dance as deserving of greater attention than was hitherto the case in programs of physiotherapy, psychotherapy, and sociotherapy. From the existing essays at a therapy basing on body and motion, they infer basic common points, and to promote discussion, they state their attitudes in respect of the potential and rank of the dance in the concept of complex multimodal psychotherapy.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

神圣、凡俗与净明、忠孝

本文结合有关宗教学理论,对宋元净明道所推崇的"净明"、"忠孝"概念进行了解析.作者以为:宋元净明道视世俗性的道德实践为"神圣"的宗教修炼,实与宗教学中的凡俗可以"转换"为神圣之理论相合;而净明道徒的这种"转换",则多与其个体的"宗教体验"有关.至于元代净明道借"无极"概念来释"净明",以"净明"为回复宇宙根源之境界,则合于宗教人经验到与万物的根源、终极的本体或神圣的世界契合之感.换言之,宋元净明道的"净明"、"忠孝"说,实与各种宗教的本质有着相通之处.