黄老、道家即道教论

本文从史实考证入手,指出“黄老”、“道家”概念最初所指,乃是汉初政教合一的思想体系。东汉末年的太平道、五斗米道乃是汉初黄老、道家的继续。后世所用黄老、道家概念,所指亦是道教。因此本文认为,汉初黄老、道家乃是道教的源头,黄老、道家也就是道教。     

道家“因”论

＂因＂是道家政治哲学的核心范畴,＂因者,君之纲＂。道家＂因＂论包含有因循、因仍、因应和因凭四重内涵,其价值功用是＂因则无敌＂。道家＂因＂论作为一种＂君术＂,强调＂因臣之为＂和＂因民之性＂两个基本面,其总的原则是＂曲因其当＂,而核心本质则凸显为＂舍己而以物为法＂。     

帝道的学理建构与学说形成

帝道学说作为秦汉道家的政治理想,具有完整的理论体系。其学理源出于天帝为万物化育者的思想,经《庄子》对帝道学说进行阐释后,帝道学说以"体道者帝"为学说本核,并在《黄帝四经》中被论述为"道生法"。而其因循之论和无为之政,成为汉初黄老之治的学理基础。     

从“黄帝”与“一”的勾连中再谈“黄老”并称的缘由

“一”是黄老哲学的重要标识性概念，在宇宙论上代表造化万物之始，在哲学品格上强调兼综百家之旨，在政治实践上表达人君治国之要。自战国至秦汉期间被塑造出的“黄帝形象”凝结着黄老学以推崇“一”为标识的哲学主张和理想人格，具体表现为：黄老学者对于“一”作为万物之生成者的要求以及在政治上主张超拔于“众”的“君主”地位的诉求在黄帝作为华夏共祖的形象上得到了落实；黄老学融百家思想为“一”的哲学努力及其包容气象与黄帝促进民族融合、实现天下统一的政治功业相呼应；黄老学强调“执一”“无为”的治国之术也相契于黄帝法天则地、垂拱而治的政治实践。黄帝是黄老学注重“一”的哲学思维和政治愿景的形象化表达，二者的高度契合促成了“黄帝”与“老子”的自然结合，也使黄老学具备了迥异于道家其他分支的学术特质。     

“曲成万物而不遗”——先秦儒家、道家哲学的原初“物”论论域

先秦儒家、道家哲学依“存在实现论”的个性特质,孕育出一种不同于西方哲学知识论意义上的原初“物”论论域。此论域可用《周易·系辞上》“曲成万物而不遗”一语来标示。它揭示出万物的成就与实现方式乃是在天人相通、互为中介的关联中达成的。此一原初“物”论论域规定了,“物”在本原上并不是外于人的现成对象,而是经由人之修为工夫所转出的整体性的境域显象。儒家、道家哲学中的为学工夫论与境界论由此被收摄其中。在修为工夫方面,儒家、道家两家工夫的具体进路虽有所不同,但最终都落实为“复”“反”“归”“止”的“曲成”工夫。循此修为工夫,“曲成万物”最终指向一个“人”“物”各成其所是而又“独”立超越的“道”境：一方面它是“人”之“道”,是经由“人”“物”相接的修为工夫所转出的人格气象境界;另一方面它又是“物”之“道”,是“物”自身的本真成就与开显。先秦儒家、道家哲学“合外内”“一天人”的精神特质在此独立超越的道境中得以实现。     

先秦道家和儒家的道德发生学说初探

一般地说,道家文化属非伦理型的,儒家文化是伦理型的,它们分别以道、仁（礼）为核心和价值源头。究其因,在于道家和儒家创立时其道德发生论的根本不同。一夏、商、周三代以天为宗,殷周之际的“敬德保民”、“以德配天”,始对统治者提出道德要求。首先探究道德来源的,则是春秋末期道家创始人老子。老子“道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物”（四十二章,以下凡引《老子》,只注章名）,“道生之,德畜之,物形之,势成之,是以万物莫不尊道而贵德”（五十一章）,确立适的本原意味和至上地位。以道观人,老予肯定人作为社会主体相对于…     

“臣”的介入及道家无为治道的落实

早期道家学者将政治关切聚焦于圣王与百姓两极之间,期待实现无为而无不为的政治理想。黄老道家在进行政治实践时,突出了“臣”在政治系统中的角色,使“臣”介入圣王与百姓两者之间,并通过“名”“法”的运用,佐助“君无为而臣有为”,平衡了圣王、百姓两者之间统治与被统治,无为、无欲与自化、自朴之间的张力,又借助成熟的臣道观丰富并发展了无为与无不为的现实意义,形成了独具特色的君臣理论,从而使道家的无为治道理念得以落地实践。     

心理学视角的庄子撄宁解

“撄宁”乃是《庄子·大宗师》中提出的一种境界理念,用以形容得道者不为外在纷仍所扰而能保持内在之定静心。庄子撄宁观以卮言的叙事喻显了这样的至理,即以宇宙的想象力观待万物,以虚阔之境界心映照死生,则一切纷扰都将因洞明玄览而无挠吾心。“心”有定持、主宰、正定功能,能够以其境界形态超越外物撄扰。作为心-物关系的境界化表达,庄子撄宁观的实质是要人通过“心-物”→“道-物”→“心-道”→“心-物”的认知序列实现自身的境界性升华,而至于撄宁境界之实现,则不可避免地需做知止、外物及去成心的工夫努力。     

道家的德性论及其“玄德”之治思想——兼论儒道的“文”“质”之辨

笼统而言,如其他诸家所论,先秦道家所谓的“德”“性”均有万物生而本具的禀赋之义。然道家更重“德”所标示的万物生之所以为生（或生之所由来）的原始义,其德性论也有如下特点：作为世界的本根,“道”具有“生养”万物之“德”;同样,作为“道”之所“生”者,万物也各备其“德”,即各有其独特的生命力和存在禀赋;相应地,道家的工夫论也表现出鲜明的“复归性”的特点。道家的德性论还是其治道思想的逻辑起点,其心目中的理想之治也被称为“玄德”之治。在此治下,“侯王”治若无治,一任万物各循其“德”、各展其“性”,宛如万物存在的“看护者”。不过,在黄老道家那里,本于一统天下的功利诉求,他们也强化了治者的“驾驭者”或“主宰者”的形象。道家的德性论决定了其历史观是退化的,且相对于儒家的“文明”观,其尊“德”、尚“质”的生存态度也表现出“反文明”的思想倾向。     

庄子“道”的技术性

一、庄子“道”的境界性质先秦老子和庄子都讲“道”,但“道”在老、庄处的哲学性质、旨趣、意蕴并不相同。在老子处,“道”基本上有这样几种涵意:一是本体意。如《老子》第一章讲的“常道”;第四章讲的“道冲”;第六章讲的“谷神”;第十四章讲的“道纪”。作为本体之“道”,其根本的性质是“自然”,即《老子》第二十五章讲的“道法自然”。所谓“自然”就是无为无造、自然而然。二是生成意。如《老子》第三十四章说的“大道兮,其可左右。万物恃之以生而不辞,功成不名有,衣养万物而不为主”;第四十章说的“天下万物生于有,有生于无”;特别…     

Omnipotence in the transference and in the countertransference

The concept of omnipotence refers to a primitive fantasy, a mechanism of defense, and a pathological psychic structure. Omnipotence and its derivative defensive operation, omnipotent control, are highly prevalent in borderline personality organization. Three clinical vignettes illustrate these mechanisms in the treatment of patients with borderline, narcissistic, and obsessive personality disorders, respectively. These vignettes illustrate the transference developments when omnipotence and omnipotence control are dominant, and the therapeutic approach to these conditions.     

The patient in the family and the family in the patient

The notion that the family is “the unit of care” for family doctors has been enigmatic and controversial. Yet systems theory and the biopsychosocial model that results when it is imported into medicine make the family system an indispensable and important component of family medicine. The challenge, therefore, is to provide a coherent, plausible account of the role of the family in family practice. Through an extended case presentation and commentary, we elaborate two views of the family in family medicine — treating the patient in the family and treating the family in the patient — and defend both as appropriate foci for care by family doctors. The practical problem that arises when the family is introduced into health care is deciding when to concentrate on the family system. The moral problems that arise concern how extensively doctors may become involved in the personal lives of their patients and families. The patient-centered clinical method provides a strategy for handling both problems. Thus, making the family a focus of care in family medicine can be justified on theoretical, practical, and moral grounds.     

Information in the Universe and in the Organism

There is a branch of modern medicine that relies on information rather than on biochemical substances to maintain health and cure disease. Known as information medicine, it offers an important complement to the dominant biochemical approach of mainstream medicine. This note offers a few reflections on the potentials of information medicine in reference to what is currently known regarding the role of information in the universe, and in the living organism.     

Disequilibrium in the mind, disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or "fractal scaling", during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

Disequilibrium in the mind,disharmony in the body

Although it is generally acknowledged that experiences of frustration, confusion, and anxiety are embodied phenomena, very little is known about how these processes modulate presumably unconscious, but constantly present, subtle bodily movement. We addressed this problem by tracking the low-level dynamics of body movement, using 1/f noise, pink noise, or “fractal scaling”, during naturalistic experiences of affect in two studies involving deep learning and effortful problem-solving. Our results indicate that body movement fluctuations of individuals experiencing cognitive equilibrium was characteristic of correlated pink noise, but there was a whitening of the signal when participants experienced states that are diagnostic of cognitive distress such as anxiety, confusion, and frustration. We orient our findings within theories that emphasise the embodied nature of cognition and affect and with perspectives that view affective and cognitive processes as emergent products of a self-organising dynamical system (the brain) that is inextricably coupled to the body.     

明代伏牛山佛教派系考

历史上对伏牛山地区的佛教记载较散,资料较详的是在明代。当时来山修行的僧人很多,但是到现在为止还没有人对伏牛山的佛教进行过研究,笔者根据掌握的禅宗史料提出这时伏牛山佛教已经有了明显的禅宗派系特征,在这里传教修行的僧人,主要是元代禅宗断桥伦一支的浙江天目山高峰原妙及其弟子中峰明本一系,其中受四川禅宗无际明悟禅师一派的影响很大,早期来山的僧人大多数都是无际明悟的弟子与后人,可以说成立了无际伏牛山禅派一系。     

孕育中的旅游伦理学--近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评

旅行和旅游是一项历史悠久的人类活动,旅游活动中的伦理问题的存在也和旅游发展的历史一样久远.二战以后,"大众旅游"经过半个多世纪的高速发展,对自然环境和社会文化的负面影响已经凸显出来,因此,旅游研究便开始关注旅游发展伦理问题;与此同时,应用伦理学研究也开始从不同的角度关注旅游发展这一新领域.