项目等距呈现过程中的系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,利用刘英茂提出的向前和向后联想的方法,证明在不同呈现时间和不同间隔时间条件下,系列位置曲线中首因效应和近因效应性质的分化过程。结果说明,系列位置曲线的近因部分对时间变化更为敏感,表现为绝对记忆的性质。系列位置曲线中首因效应和近因效应性质的分化,取决于项目呈现时间、项目间隔时间和系列包含的项目数。     

无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆的影响*

采用视觉呈现字表和听觉呈现无关言语方式,探讨在字表项目保持期间阻止被试复述情况下,不同呈现位置的无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆的影响。在字表保持期间,采用计算任务进行分心作业。实验结果发现：(1)无关言语对汉字短时记忆系列回忆成绩存在显著影响;(2)在字表保持期间阻止被试进行复述消除了字表呈现期间呈现无关言语对回忆成绩产生的干扰效应;(3)汉字短时记忆系列回忆成绩表现出系列位置效应。实验结果没有完全支持客体情节记忆模型。     

项目在不同间隔时间呈现过程中的系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,考察不同中数比率（０．６,０．８和１．０）时,系列位置曲线不同部分性质的分化,结果说明,系列位置曲线不同部分的性质,是项目间隔时间和其时间变化的中数比率共同作用的结果,发现项目间隔时间变化中数比率所起作用更大,在项目呈现时间相同时,项目隔间的时间长短,决定项目之间的辨别程度,也影响到对项目正确提取的百分数。     

位置特异性和项目呈现方式对即时情景记忆顺序重构的影响

在Healy等人(2008)的实验范式基础上,以中文姓名作为实验材料,探究位置特异性和项目呈现方式对即时情景记忆的影响。两个实验都要求被试对所呈现的20个姓名中的12个进行顺序重构。重构的12个位置分别为1-12、5-16、9-20三个水平,这三组位置同时包括绝对位置9-12。实验1采取视觉呈现,比较三个任务类型上重构正确率的差异。实验1的结果支持Healy的编码特异性理论,但是末尾呈现的项目仅有较小的重构优势。实验2采取听觉呈现,结果发现,在系列位置5-16上出现了较明显的近因效应,而在位置9-20上并无明显的近因效应。这表明位置特异性理论对顺序重构的影响主要表现为绝对位置的特异性而并非相对位置的特异性,系列位置效应出现在记忆的编码过程而不是提取过程。     

汉字、数字和符号的身份信息和位置信息加工比较——中文阅读的特别机制

汉字、数字和符号的身份信息和位置信息加工存在怎样的差异,以及在不同呈现方式下是否表现不同,现在仍不清楚。本研究采用9选1部分报告范式,通过字符串水平呈现和竖直呈现两个实验来对这一问题进行探究。结果发现,水平呈现对于不同类型字符的身份信息和位置信息加工都更有优势。数字在不同呈现方式下都表现出绝对优势,且水平呈现时存在首位置优势,表明“改变的接受域”理论对于汉语语系地区数字系列位置效应解释的可能性。同时,汉字与符号更为相似,但水平呈现时汉字位置信息加工更好,且表现出更为明显的注视点左侧(包括注视点)优势,这可能是中文阅读的特别机制。     

自由回忆和线索回忆测验中的系列位置效应

本文以96个中国汉字为材料,使用自由回忆和线索回忆测验方法,对20名被试进行6组分测验和最后所有汉字的总测验。发现自由回忆分测验中存在明显的系列位置效应,总测验出现负近因现象;线索回忆分测验也表现出明显的系列位置效应,但最后的总测验没有出现负近因现象。上述结果验证了Bjork和Whitten（1974）提出的顺序或情景理论。     

系列包含的项目数、项目之间的间隔时间与系列位置效应

以中国汉字为材料,考察系列包含的项目数、项目之间的时间间隔与系列位置曲线不同部分记忆性质分化的关系。结果表明,(1)提取过程的重要性。(2)在包含11个项目、并且项目之间的时间间隔为400毫秒的系列中,系列位置曲线的首因部分表现为联想记忆的性质,是依赖于线索的提取;近因部分表现为绝对记忆的性质,是依赖于记忆痕迹的提取。(3)系列位置曲线不同部分记忆性质的分化,于系列包含的项目数和项目之间的间隔时间有关,结果体现出这两个因素的交互作用。     

汉字认知过程中整字对部件的影响

英文研究中,"字优效应"是单词促进字母加工的一个重要依据。但中文研究中还存在一些争议。本研究通过两个实验考查了汉字的部件认知中,汉字整体对局部(部件)的影响。实验刺激材料分为三种,即左右结构或上下结构的真字、假字与部件字。目标部件为既能够放置于三种字符的左侧,又能放置于右侧(上部或下部)的汉字部件。实验一采用Reicher-Wheeler实验任务,先呈现刺激材料350ms,掩蔽后再呈现需要判断的目标部件,被试对目标部件进行按键反应。实验二中采用部件判断实验任务,先呈现需要判断的目标部件,再呈现刺激材料,被试对刺激材料中是否包含目标部件进行按键反应。记录反应时与正确率。27位健康女性大学生参与本实验。结果显示:(1)不论是Reicher-Wheeler实验任务还是部件判断实验任务,均显示部件字的部件认知判断速度最快。真字与假字相比,无"字优效应"。真字与部件字相比,存在着"字劣效应"。这些结果表明,汉字整字对汉字部件认知加工起到抑制作用;(2)两个实验任务均表现出汉字结构方式效应,即对左右结构的汉字的部件认知比上下结构的汉字更快;(3)部件的空间位置对部件识别存在影响。实验一中对下部件分辨最困难,分辨时间最长;实验二中发现对左部件的反应最快。字符结构方式效应与部件空间位置效应既存在于真字中,也存在于假字中。     

材料因素对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响

通过三个实验考察材料特有的内在因素差异对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响,选取814名的高一学生作为被试,男女各半。实验一是探讨性质不同的孤立项目对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响;实验二是探讨层次差异不同的同质项目对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响;实验三是探讨孤立项目的序列位置对学习判断及其孤立效应的影响。结果表明:在不同材料中,材料的性质的差异越大,孤立效应越显著,证明了孤立材料的距离效应;在同质材料中,材料内部层次差异越大,孤立效应越显著,证明了孤立材料的幅度效应;在学习判断中,不管孤立项目的序列位置处于前位还是后位,都存在孤立效应,且材料中孤立项目的位置越靠后面,其孤立效应就越明显,证明了孤立材料的后位效应。     

汉字加工中呈现速率对重复知盲效应的影响

实验采用RSVP任务,考察了汉字加工中呈现速率对重复知盲效应的影响,结果发现：（1）在加工汉字重复刺激时,存在着重复知肓（RB）效应,其强度随着呈现速率的变化而改变,当呈现速率较快时,正确率较低,呈现速率较慢时,正确率较高;（2）与加工英文信息比较,在汉字加工中,RB效应的出现似乎推迟了一段时间,这可能从另一方面反映出加工汉字比英文需要不同的加工时间．即加工信息的难易程度也影响RB效应出现的时间。     

刺激的编码效力对重复知盲的影响

通过改变目标刺激和非目标刺激的编码效力, 探讨重复知盲发生的机制。采用RSVP任务, 操作目标的重复性与目标的性质(实验1a和实验2)、位置(实验1b)和非目标的字频(实验2), 对比不同条件下第二个重复刺激的正确报告率。结果是：(1)非目标为字母、目标是字母时的重复知盲大于目标为电脑符号时的重复知盲。(2)非目标为字母、目标为电脑符号时, 目标在1和3位置时出现了重复知盲, 而在2和4位置时没有出现重复知盲。(3)当非目标为高频汉字、目标也是高频汉字时的重复知盲大于目标为符号时的重复知盲。(4)当目标为高频汉字、非目标是高频汉字时出现了重复知盲, 而非目标是低频汉字时重复知盲消失。实验结果表明, 字母和汉字条件下, 目标刺激和非目标刺激的编码效力都会对重复知盲产生影响, 支持竞争假设。     

专家记忆优势效应理论的比较

依据专家记忆优势效应三个主要理论 (即模板理论、长时工作记忆理论和限制调节理论 )的不同特点选取变量 ,以中国象棋为实验材料 ,采用 2× 2× 2× 2混合设计 ,对三个理论进行检验比较。研究发现 :(1)被试在记忆棋局条件下的包含测验成绩 ,优于选择着法条件下的 ;(2 )棋局与棋手水平之间不存在显著的交互作用 ;(3)棋局与提取时的意识水平之间存在显著的交互作用 ,对局中的外显效应大于排局中的外显效应 ,而棋局的内隐效应则无显著差异。上述结果表明 ,相对而言 ,长时工作记忆理论能够对专家记忆优势效应作出合理的解释     

位置和轨迹信息在短暂消失目标复原过程中的作用

研究发现在多目标追踪任务中,即使视野中的所有物体同时消失长达几百毫秒,被试也能成功地完成追踪任务。Horowitz等（2006）认为这种能力主要是依靠把刺激消失时的目标信息保存在一种离线存储（off-line memory）记忆当中。这样,当刺激再现时,被试就可以把当前画面与存储的内容进行比较来区分目标和非目标。本研究的目的在于探讨目标位置、运动轨迹等信息在目标复原过程中的作用。结果发现：(1) 目标再现位置与消失位置相同时,被试的成绩最好,这说明在目标复原过程中利用了基于位置匹配的策略。(2)当目标再现位置与其消失前的运动方向一致或位于其消失前的运动轨迹上时,成绩较对照条件（目标再现于运动轨迹的法线方向）要好,这说明被试能够利用目标运动的轨迹和方向等信息。（3）当追踪的目标数量增加时,目标运动轨迹和方向等信息在复原过程中的相对作用下降,且被试只能利用1~2个目标的轨迹和运动方向信息     

Serial,parallel, or holistic identification of single words in the two visual fields?

Subjects made timed manual responses in judging whether laterally presented four-letter words were identical to targets. In Experiment 1, nontargets differed by a single letter from targets. A right-field superiority occurred only for targets (which were detected fastest of all) and for nontargets where a letter changed at Position 2 or Position 3. Changes at initial and final positions were detected faster than the two middle positions, and there were no significant field differences. In Experiment 2, ascenders and descenders were controlled and changes were made in nontargets at all four letter positions, at Positions 1 and 4, at Positions 2 and 3, or at 2 alone. Response times for nontargets varied inversely with the number of differing letters, regardless of position. Significant field differences again only appeared for changes in the two middle positions. Letters at the beginning and end of a word seem to be processed faster than and differently from those within, where field differences are strongest. Vowel-consonant differences probably do not account for these effects, which are more compatible with some form of parallel, rather than either serial or holistic, processing.     

Position effects in encoding briefly exposed item matrices: evidence for a reading bias or merely a matter of the selection criterion?

Position effects are frequently reported in experiments that investigate the recognition of items from briefly exposed stimulus matrices. A reliable finding is the ability to report items from the first row of the matrix more accurately than from the second row. The present experiments explore whether this position effect depends upon the selection criterion used to indicate the subgroup of items that has to be reported in a given trial. In Experiment 1, German and Chinese participants were presented with language-specific items which had to be selected by column. In Experiment 2, Germans were presented with Latin letters and the selection criterion was letter color. A strong row effect was evident in both experiments although the selection criteria did not prompt a line-by-line grouping of the items. The row effect is seen as a manifestation of top-down processing that is derived from reading habits.     

Attitudes Toward Religion Scale: development and initial psychometric evaluation among Chinese college students

The Attitudes Toward Religion Scale (ATRS) was developed to access the level of interest in and position toward the five state-approved religions in China. Data were analysed across two samples of Chinese college students. With Sample 1 (N = 278), exploratory factor analyses were used to select the 10 ATRS items corresponding to two factors: Interest and Position. With Sample 2, confirmatory factor analyses (N = 270) cross-validated the two-factor oblique model as well as a bifactor model. Cronbach alphas of ATRS subscale scores in the two samples ranged from .75 to .85. ATRS-Interest and Position were both positively associated with number of close relationships with religious people. In addition, negative attitudes toward religion was associated with being religiously proselytised by strangers. Moreover, female students reported more favourable attitudes toward religion compared to their male counterparts. The overall results support ATRS as a psychometrically strong and promising measure.     

The role of phonological activation in the visual semantic retrieval of Chinese characters

The Stroop paradigm was used to examine the role of phonological activation in semantic access and its development in reading Chinese characters. Subjects (age 7-23 years) of different reading ability were asked to name the display color of Chinese characters. The characters were displayed in four different colors: red, yellow, blue and green. There were five types of relationships between a character and its display color: semantically congruent, phonologically congruent, semantically incongruent, phonologically incongruent and neutral. In addition to the classical Stroop effects, interference and facilitation effects from the homophones of color characters were also observed. The younger children and those with lower reading ability exhibited stronger Stroop effects. These findings suggest that phonological codes are activated automatically in Chinese character recognition. Furthermore, there is more phonological activation in the semantic retrieval of children in lower grades and those with lower reading ability.     

Ambiguity Advantage Revisited: Two Meanings are Better than One When Accessing Chinese Nouns

This paper revisits the effect of lexical ambiguity in word recognition, which has been controversial as previous research reported advantage, disadvantage, and null effects. We discuss factors that were not consistently treated in previous research (e.g., the level of lexical ambiguity investigated, parts of speech of the experimental stimuli, and the choice of non-words) and report on a lexical decision experiment with Chinese nouns in which ambiguous nouns with homonymic and/or metaphorical meanings were contrasted with unambiguous nouns. An ambiguity advantage effect was obtained—Chinese nouns with multiple meanings were recognized faster than those with only one meaning. The results suggested that both homonymic and metaphorical meanings are psychologically salient semantic levels actively represented in the mental lexicon. The results supported a probability-based model of random lexical access with multiple meanings represented by separate semantic nodes. We further discuss these results in terms of lexical semantic representation and how different experimental paradigms result in different ambiguity effects in lexical access.     

汉字部件水平的重复知盲效应

本研究采用不同部件特点的汉字材料考察在汉字部件水平的重复知盲效应。实验1探究在一组刺激序列中,当两个关键刺激R1和R2的相同部件在不同位置时对重复知盲效应的影响。实验1结果表明,不同条件的重复知盲效应存在显著差异,但其中两个关键字中相同部件的位置相同时与部件位置不同时之间的重复知盲效应无显著差异,这表明部件位置对重复知盲现象无显著影响。实验2探究当关键刺激R1和R2为部件包含关系时的重复知盲效应。实验2结果表明,当一个关键刺激为独体字,且是另一个关键刺激的部件时存在重复知盲效应,其效应的大小会受到具有包含关系的两个关键字（合体字和独体字）在刺激序列中出现顺序的影响,当第二个关键刺激为独体字时的重复知盲效应要显著强于第二个关键刺激为合体字条件。研究结论是不同的汉字部件特点会影响重复之盲效应,这表明重复知盲现象很可能发生在在线的知觉加工过程。     

Effects of analyst training and amount of available job related information on job analysis ratings

The present study investigated the effects of job analysis training and the amount of information available to the job analyst on job analysis ratings. Forty subjects were asked to complete the Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Job Components Inventory (JCI) for the position of College Resident Assistant. Results indicated that when using the PAQ as the job analysis instrument, there was no significant effect for either training or the amount of information received by the job analyst. For the JCI, the results indicated that trained analysts were more reliable and accurate than untrained analysts. Also, it was found that the more information received by the job analysts, the more reliable and accurate were their JCI ratings.