任务指向型干预手段对教师教学监控能力的影响

本研究采用任务指向型干预手段,对１０名小学教师教学监控能力进行训练。结果发现：训练不仅提高了教师教学监控能力,而且提高了教师对教学的认知水平,改善了教师 教学行为。     

教学监控与学习监控的培养研究

本文报告的是关于教师的教学监控能力与学生的学习监控能力的培养研究,在为期三年的研究中发现:通过对教师教育教学的条件性知识和教学自我效能感的培养,可明显地提高教师的教学监控水平,进而可促进小学生思维品质与学习方法的提高,促进学生学习监控能力的发展,同时在教学监控与学习监控的培养研究中,探索出一套与学习监控培养相适应的课堂教学策略和课堂教学模式,表明教师的教学监控能力与学生的学习监控能力是相互促进的.     

中小学教师教学监控能力:发展特点与相关因素

本研究用量表测查了82名中小学教师,对教学监控能力的发展特点及其相关因素进行了研究.结果表明:教师的教学监控能力随着教龄的增长不断提高,1-5年教龄组教师的教学监控能力显着低于6-15年及15年以上教龄组教师;教学监控能力与教学效能感和教学策略之间存在非常显着的正相关.     

专家—新手型教师教学效能感和教学监控能力研究

1　问题提出　　教师心理研究的一个重要目的 ,在于提高教师素质。教师研究必须着眼于课堂教学 ,最终着眼于教师的教学行为。在影响教学效果的众多因素中 ,教学效能感和教学监控能力是两个重要因素。研究发现 ,教师教学效能感与教学监控能力存在着交互作用 ,这意味着可以通过提高教师的教学效能感来促进教师的教学监控能力。教学效能感虽然强调了教师的主体性 ,但是忽略了教师的个别差异性 ,不同类型的教师显然具有不同的教学监控能力。专家—新手型教师教学效能感和教学监控能力的研究 ,将拓宽我们的思路。以往专家—新手型教师研究 ,均集…     

在教研活动中提高教师课堂教学监控能力的研究

本研究根据教师教学监控能力的有关理论,通过开展有目的性的专题教研活动,以探索提高农村小学教师课堂教学监控能力的方法和途径。研究结果表明,通过开展以培养教师课堂教学监控能力为主目标的教研干预活动,可以有效地培养教师的教学监控能力,改善教师的教学行为。     

专家一新手型教师教学效能感和教学监控能力研究

教师心理研究的一个重要目的．在于提高教师素质。教师研究必须着眼于课堂教学,最终着眼于教师的教学行为。在影响教学效果的众多因素中．教学效能感和教学监控能力是两个重要因素。研究发现,教师教学效能感与教学监控能力存在着交互作用,这意味着可以通过提高教师的教学效能感来促进教师的教学监控能力。     

解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究

１问题的提出元认知（Ｍｅｔａｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ）是一个人所具有的关于自己思维活动和学习活动的认知和监控。它主要包括元认知知识和元认知监控两种成分。心理学家Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ等人把它看成是智力的核心成分。欧美学者们一致认为,在传授一般认知策略的同时,进行元认知策略的训练能提高学生解决问题的能力、为考察元认知训练对我国物理教学的效果,作者对高一学生进行了解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究。２方法２．１被试的选择选择高一年级三个班（山西侯马市一中１２７班、１２８班、１２９班）做实验,时间安排在第一学用期…     

提高中学数学教师课堂行为效能的研究

本研究利用角色改变、自我评价、现场指导三种方法作为干预手段探讨了中学数学教师的自我概念的改变对其课堂教学能力发展的影响,以及对学生思维品质发展的影响。实验设计为实验组、控制组前、后测时间序列设计。实验组接受10周训练。训练措施是①角色改变;②自我评价;③现场指导。前后测使用的测量工具是①中学数学教师课堂教学能力测验;②中小学教师自我概念量表;③中学生数学思维品质测验。对所得数据进行了协方差分析。结果表明,①中学数学教师课堂教学能力通过实验干预是可以改变的,变化程度由高到低依次是:认知能力、操作能力和监控能力。②每种维度上各个成分在实验干预情况下,变化速度不一样。③中学数学教师课堂教学能力的提高可以有效地促进学生思维的深刻性、灵活性、独创性、批判性、敏捷性品质的发展。     

教师教学监控能力与其教育观念的关系研究

本研究以从北京市和浙江省瑞安市小学教师中选取的436名语、数教师为被试,探讨了教师教学监控能力与其教育观念之间的关系.结果表明:教师教学监控能力与其自我知觉、教学效能感和其对教学成败的努力归因等教育观念因素存在显着的相关关系.研究还发现在教师的教育观念中,教师教学效能感及其努力知觉与其教学监控能力之间存在直接的线性关系,其它的观念成份均通过它们影响教师的教学监控能力.     

提高教师课堂教学能力方法的实验研究

从教师课堂教学能力、教师能力自我概念、学生对教师课堂教学能力的评价及学生的思维品质等方面探讨了角色改变、摄象自我评价、现场指导三种方法对提高教师课堂教学能力的有效性、结果表明：角色改变、摄象自我评价、现场指导三种方法的合理结合是提高教师课堂教学能力的较好方法;教师课堂能力的不同维度其发展速度不同,依次为：认知能力、操作能力和监控能力;教师课堂教学能力的发展是受其自我概念发展水平影响的;教师课堂教学能力的提高促进了学生思维的深刻性、灵活性、独创性、批判性等思维品质的发展。     

Feeling Better About Self After Receiving Negative Feedback: When the Sense That Ability Can Be Improved Is Activated

Past studies suggest that managers and educators often consider negative feedback as a motivator for individuals to think about their shortcomings and improve their work, but delivering negative feedback does not always achieve desired results. The present study, based on incremental theory, employed an intervention method to activate the belief that a particular ability could be improved after negative feedback. Three experiments tested the intervention effect on negative self-relevant emotion. Study 1 indicated conveying suggestions for improving ability reduced negative self-relevant emotion after negative feedback. Study 2 tested whether activating the sense of possible improvement in the ability could reduce negative self-relevant emotion. Results indicated activating the belief that ability could be improved reduced negative self-relevant emotion after failure, but delivering emotion management information alone did not yield the same effect. Study 3 extended the results by affirming the effort participants made in doing the test, and found the affirmation reduced negative self-relevant emotion. Collectively, the findings indicated focusing on the belief that the ability could be improved in the future can reduce negative self-relevant emotion after negative feedback.     

The impact of beliefs about face recognition ability on memory retrieval processes in young and older adults

This study examined whether beliefs about face recognition ability differentially influence memory retrieval in older compared to young adults. Participants evaluated their ability to recognise faces and were also given information about their ability to perceive and recognise faces. The information was ostensibly based on an objective measure of their ability, but in actuality, participants had been randomly assigned the information they received (high ability, low ability or no information control). Following this information, face recognition accuracy for a set of previously studied faces was measured using a remember–know memory paradigm. Older adults rated their ability to recognise faces as poorer compared to young adults. Additionally, negative information about face recognition ability improved only older adults' ability to recognise a previously seen face. Older adults were also found to engage in more familiarity than item-specific processing than young adults, but information about their face recognition ability did not affect face processing style. The role that older adults' memory beliefs have in the meta-cognitive strategies they employ is discussed.     

Theory of mind and epistemological development: the relation between children's second-order false-belief understanding and their ability to reason about evidence

The study investigates the hypothesis that children's ability to attribute second-order beliefs facilitates their understanding of evidence, as seen in the ability to distinguish between causes and reasons. Seventy-four children 5–7 yr old were given belief and evidence tests. The belief tests assessed their ability to represent and reason from second-order false-beliefs, and the evidence tests assessed their ability to distinguish between the cause of a situation and a person's reason for believing it. The relation between performance on the two tests was determined, taking into account general language and non-verbal reasoning abilities. Results show that performance on the belief test and on the evidence part of the evidence test improved significantly over the age range, and that a significant proportion of variance in the evidence test scores is accounted for by second-order false-belief understanding, over and above that accounted for by general language and non-verbal abilities. The argument is made that second-order false-belief understanding is fundamental to children's epistemological development, underlying not just their understanding of evidence, but also their understanding of inference and truth.     

Physical and motor skill training for children with intellectual disabilities

This study investigated the effectiveness of using special training machines for children with intellectual disabilities to strengthen their body's inner muscles and improve their ability to maintain standing posture and improve walking movement. The participants were 23 high school age boys with intellectual disabilities who had difficulties expressing greetings, and needed to be led by the hand when walking. Four special training machines were used for walking movements, for standing and walking balance, for leg-hip extension, and for ipsilateral movement in a sitting position. Each participant underwent 30 min. of training once a week over a 3-mo. period during school time. Body control ability required to perform each training exercise was improved over the training period. A significant improvement was observed in the 50-m dash, mean 10-m walk time, and 10-m obstacle course walk. The hip joint split angle showed a significant increase. Legal guardians all reported their child had "improved and/or progressed" for each of the targeted movements.     

工作记忆刷新功能的可塑性

从工作记忆刷新功能的训练入手, 以不同人群为研究对象, 采用活动记忆任务, 从行为层面和认知神经层面探讨工作记忆刷新功能的可塑性。结果发现, 工作记忆刷新功能具有可塑性。具体表现为, 通过刷新功能训练, 个体在工作记忆刷新任务上的成绩提高。工作记忆刷新功能训练使得个体对刺激的识别能力增强, 对无关信息的抑制能力提高, 进而促使工作记忆中的更新能力得到提升。通过工作记忆刷新训练可以提高个体其它认知功能, 但是, 相对于认知能力稳定以及衰退的个体, 这种迁移效应在工作记忆能力发展个体中的表现更为明显。     

The effect of role change on intellectual ability and on the ability self-concept in Chinese children

According to the findings of the present study, the following conclusions are warranted: 1. The ability self-concept of Chinese schoolchildren was significantly enhanced by the role-changing procedure. Therefore, schools may be able to establish positive situations involving a change in the children's role as a means for improving children's ability self-concepts. 2. The children's motives for achievement and their language abilities were improved by the role-change procedure.     

Exposure to a Mnemonic Interferes with Recall of Suicide Warning Signs in a Community‐Based Suicide Prevention Program

The incremental impact of adding a mnemonic to remember suicide warning signs to the Air Force Suicide Prevention Program (AFSPP) community awareness briefing was investigated with a sample of young, junior‐enlisted airmen. Participants in the standard briefing significantly increased their ability to list suicide warning signs and improved consistency with an expert consensus list, whereas participants in the standard briefing plus mnemonic demonstrated no learning. Both groups demonstrated positive changes in beliefs about suicide. Results suggest that inclusion of the mnemonic in the AFSPP briefing interfered with participants' ability to learn suicide warning signs, and that increased confidence in the perceived ability to recognize suicide risk is not related to actual ability to accurately recall warning signs.     

Conscious error perception: The impact of response interference from a secondary task

An erroneous response is not always accompanied by the conscious perception of the error being made. We examined whether increased response interference on a manual task improved the conscious perception of erroneous eye movements on a concurrent oculomotor task. In the first experiment, we examined whether a correlate of response interference, increased task difficulty alone, could improve perception of errors. We found no effect of task difficulty on self-monitoring. Results from a second experiment suggested that participants’ ability to monitor their eye movements improved with increased response interference, but post hoc analyses indicated that this was due to a decrease in corrective behaviors. Experiment 3 required participants to report directly on whether they had made an eye movement error, and we found that response interference perturbed, rather than improved, participants’ ability to report on their errors. Together, these findings contribute to models of error monitoring, revealing little support for the view that general increases in response interference or task difficulty are signals that contribute to the conscious detection of errors.     

The effect of cholinergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic receptor modulation on posttrial memory processing in the hippocampus

Though the hippocampus is widely recognized as important in learning and memory, most of the evidence for this comes from animal lesion and human pathological studies. Due to the relatively small number of drugs that have been tested in the hippocampus for their ability to alter posttrial memory processing, there is a general impression that memory processing involves only a few neurotransmitters. We have evaluated the effects of cholinergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic receptor agonists and antagonists for their ability to facilitate or impair retention. CD-1 mice received acute intrahippocampal drug infusion following footshock avoidance training in a T-maze. Retention was tested 1 week after training and drug administration. The results indicate that receptor agonists of acetylcholine and glutamate improved retention, while antagonists impaired retention. However, scopolamine did not impair retention, but M1 and M2 antagonists did. Receptor agonists of serotonin and GABA impaired retention, while antagonists improved retention. Drugs acting on 5-HT-1 and 5-HT-2 as well as GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor subtypes did not differentially effect retention.