探索性因素分析、目标旋转与因素结构的一致性

在因素结构水平上评估跨群体的一致性是在心理学研究中常常遇见的一个问题,对此问题的解答,可以选择探索性因素分析→目标旋转→一致性评估这一途径。本文首先介绍正交目标旋转的简单原理,然后介绍其在心理研究中的应用以及相关软件和程序。目标旋转之后,结构一致性的量化可以采用一致性系数等指标,这些指标可采用一定的实证分布、近似处理或经验标准进行统计检验。之后采用一项实证数据,演示探索性因素分析、目标旋转以及结构一致性的评估方法。     

A note on identification in the oblique and orthogonal factor analysis models

Conditions for removing the indeterminancy due to rotation are given for both the oblique and orthogonal factor analysis models. The conditions indicate why published counterexamples to conditions discussed by Jöreskog are not identifiable.The author would like to thank Gordon Bechtel and the reviewers for their comments and suggestions.     

Maximally correlated orthogonal composites and oblique factor analytic solutions

Kaiser presented a method for finding a set of derived orthogonal variables which correlate maximally with a set of original variables. A simpler, more complete derivation of Kaiser's result is given and compared to related types of transformations. The transformation derived here suggests a direct method for finding the orthogonal factor solution which is maximally similar to a given oblique solution.     

探索性因素分析——最近10年的评述

目的：(1)介绍国外心理统计学界对探索性因素分析中几个重大问题的基本观点;(2)系统地评述过去10年里(1991～2000年)我国心理学研究对这一技术的使用情况;(3)强调运用这一技术时值得注意的一些事项,以期这一技术对我国心理学研究发挥更大的作用。方法：作检索了《心理学报》和《心理科学》在1991～2000年间与探索性因素分析有关的章,对其中以探索性因素分析为主要研究方法的重点章(feature article)进行了编码,统计了频数及百分比分布。结果：我国心理学研究在积极使用探索性因素分析这一先进统计技术时还存在一些问题,主要表现在：(1)在确定因素个数时,倾向于机械地依靠桌个单一方法来作决定,(2)大量使用正交旋转,(3)过于依赖SPSS,(4)对因素分析过程中的重要信息／结果报告不够。结论：探索性因素分析在过去十年得到了广泛的应用,如能吸收国外同行的一些观点,探索性因素分析这一技术在我国心理学研究中必将获得更广泛有效的应用。     

Factor simplicity index and transformations

A scale-invariant index of factorial simplicity is proposed as a summary statistic for principal components and factor analysis. The index ranges from zero to one, and attains its maximum when all variables are simple rather than factorially complex. A factor scale-free oblique transformation method is developed to maximize the index. In addition, a new orthogonal rotation procedure is developed. These factor transformation methods are implemented using rapidly convergent computer programs. Observed results indicate that the procedures produce meaningfully simple factor pattern solutions.This investigation was supported in part by a Research Scientist Development Award (K02-DA00017) and research grants (MH24149 and DA01070) from the U. S. Public Health Service. The assistance of Andrew L. Comrey, Henry F. Kaiser, Bonnie Barron, Marion Hee, and several anonymous reviewers is gratefully acknowledged.     

探索性因子分析及其在应用中存在的主要问题

探索性因子分析的发展非常迅速,已成为教育与社会心理学领域中最常用的统计方法之一。本文全面介绍了探索性因子分析的基本原理,阐述了其发生的机制及基本过程,对其在教育、心理领域应用中存在的问题进行了总结,并针对应用中样本容量和观测变量数目不够、因子求解方法的误用、因子数目的确定标准及因子旋转中存在的问题、因子值缺乏重复验证性、研究结果呈现形式不规范、过于依赖SPSS、缺乏主动性等问题提出了一些相应的建议。     

大学生社会适应性问卷的初步编制

在理论分析的基础上,结合国内外的研究成果,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,编制大学生社会适应性问卷。结果发现,(1)问卷由自我调节、自我评价、学习管理、就业准备、人际交往、角色适应六个分量表构成。(2)各分量表及问卷的a系数分别为0.859、0.847、0.826、0.742、0.751、0.757、0.902。(3)验证性因素分析所提取的6个因子构建的模型拟合较好。问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于大学生社会适应性的测量。     

青少年攻击性问卷的编制

在青少年攻击性理论与当代青少年攻击性表现的基础上,结合国外的研究成果以及专家评定,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,编制了一个适合青少年攻击性评估的问卷。结果发现：（1）自编的“青少年攻击性问卷”由攻击性行为、攻击性认知和攻击性情绪3个分量表构成。攻击性行为分量表由口头攻击、身体攻击、自我发泄3个维度构成;攻击性认知分量表由敌对、恶意、报复心理3个维度构成;攻击性情绪分量表由易怒性、冲动、缺乏自我控制能力3个维度构成;（2）问卷的内部一致性系数和维度与分量表、总分以及分量表与总分的相关系数达到显著水平,量表的内容效度、结构效度、实证效度较高。     

Quartic rotation criteria and algorithms

Most of the currently used analytic rotation criteria for simple structure in factor analysis are summarized and identified as members of a general symmetric family of quartic criteria. A unified development of algorithms for orthogonal and direct oblique rotation using arbitrary criteria from this family is given. These algorithms represent fairly straightforward extensions of present methodology, and appear to be the best methods currently available.The research done by R. I. Jennrich was supported by NSF Grant MCS-8301587.     

The bifactor structure and the “dark nomological network” of the State Self-Esteem Scale

The State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES) measures transient feelings of self-worth. The SSES has been hypothesized to possess a number of latent structures, ranging from one to three factors. The present study compared these putative structures along with a newly hypothesized bifactor structure (i.e., one global factor, three subfactors). Results offered greatest support for the bifactor model. A secondary goal was to further assess the nomological network surrounding state self-esteem by examining correlations involving an expanded measure of basic personality (i.e., the HEXACO), Dark Triad traits, and sexual attitudes and behaviors. In general, these correlations were consistent with the theoretical portrait of state self-esteem and were also consistent with correlations involving trait-level self-esteem. Most notably, however, scores on the SSES consistently correlated negatively with measures of the Dark Triad traits, suggesting a possible theoretical distinction between state- and trait-level self-esteem.     

Invariance of the “NEO-PI-R” factor structure across exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses

Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) carried out in the last decades to test the Five-factor simple structure have generally obtained negative results. McCrae, Zonderman, Costa, Bond, and Paunonen (1996) suggested that CFA limitations were the main cause of such negative results. They also claim that Procrustes Orthogonal rotation method is an adequate procedure to test the replicability of the Five-factor structure. The aim of the present paper is twofold: (A) comparing several Exploratory factor procedures (including the Procrustes rotation) to test what is the most appropriate one to analyse the replicability of the Five-factor structure, and (B) replicating the CFA results of the McCrae et al.’s study with a larger number of subjects. The normative American (N = 1000), and Spanish (2000) standardization samples of the NEO-PI-R, together with an independent university sample (N = 948) were analysed. Results were replicated in the three samples, and suggest that: (1) structural properties of the Five-factor model, as measured by the NEO-PI-R, are invariant irrespective of the Exploratory factor procedure used, and (2) when CFA limitations are surpassed, the Five-factor structure is supported.     

中学生思维风格结构及其测量

本研究在文献分析和开放调查的基础上,构建了中学生思维风格的理论结构,并据此编制了中学生思维风格量表。对测量结果进行探索性和验证性因素分析表明:思维风格是一个单一维度的整体-分析型结构,它包括两个呈两极连续性的整体和分析因素,可以用来说明复杂多样的具体思维风格类型。     

4～6年级小学生学习动机的结构分析

采用探索性因素分析方法,对4～6年级小学生的学习动机结构进行了分析。研究结果表明：(1)小学生学习动机包括回报动机、求知动机、交往趋利动机、利他动机、学业成就动机、生存动机、实用动机七类。(2)男生在交往趋利动机、生存动机、实用动机上动机强度高于女生,重点和非重点小学学生在七种学习动机上差异不显著。(3)四、五年级小学生的学习动机结构差别不大,六年级小学生开始形成具有长远社会意义的自我实现动机。     

Derivative free gradient projection algorithms for rotation

A simple modification substantially simplifies the use of the gradient projection (GP) rotation algorithms of Jennrich (2001, 2002). These algorithms require subroutines to compute the value and gradient of any specific rotation criterion of interest. The gradient can be difficult to derive and program. It is shown that using numerical gradients gives almost precisely the same results as using exact gradients. The resulting algorithm is very easy to use because the only problem specific code required is that needed to define the rotation criterion. The computing time is increased when using numerical gradients, but it is still very modest for most purposes. While used extensively elsewhere, numerical derivatives seem to be underutilized in statistics.     

大学生学校适应性简明问卷的编制与验证

该研究旨在探讨当前大学生学校适应性的结构维度并编制简明评定问卷,运用了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的方法。结果表明,我国大学生学校适应性的结构维度包括四个方面的内容,分别是学习能力适应、人际关系适应、学校政治适应、学校文化适应。研究结果还显示,大学生学校适应性评定问卷具有良好的信度和效度指标,问卷的α系数达到0.80,探索性因素分析中总方差解释量达到62.89%,验证性因素分析的各项指标均达到理想水平。     

《大学生主观幸福感量表》的编制

根据国内外关于主观幸福感的文献和已有的研究经验,编制了大学生主观幸福感问卷。以往大多数研究认为,主观幸福感由生活满意度和情绪体验两个基本成分构成,本研究认为主观幸福感还应包括社会性行为和人际关系等成分。对376名大学生进行初测,通过探索性因素分析,表明大学生主观幸福感由自我满意、家庭满意、消极情绪、积极情绪、精力、生活满意、社会性行为和人际关系8个维度构成,共41个项目。对511名大学生施测41个项目的主观幸福感问卷,进行验证性因素分析,结果表明,上述结构是合理的。     

Exploratory structural equation modeling,bifactor models,and standard confirmatory factor analysis models: Application to the BASC-2 Behavioral and Emotional Screening System Teacher Form

Several psychological assessment instruments are based on the assumption of a general construct that is composed of multiple interrelated domains. Standard confirmatory factor analysis is often not well suited for examining the factor structure of such scales. This study used data from 1885 elementary school students (mean age = 8.77 years, SD = 1.47 years) to examine the factor structure of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) Behavioral and Emotional Screening System (BESS) Teacher Form that was designed to assess general risk for emotional/behavioral difficulty among children. The modeling sequence included the relatively new exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) approach and bifactor models in addition to more standard techniques. Findings revealed that the factor structure of the BASC-2 BESS Teacher Form is multidimensional. Both ESEM and bifactor models showed good fit to the data. Bifactor models were preferred on conceptual grounds. Findings illuminate the hypothesis-generating power of ESEM and suggest that it might not be optimal for instruments designed to assess a predominant general factor underlying the data.     

Acquiescent Responding in Balanced Multidimensional Scales and Exploratory Factor Analysis

Personality tests often consist of a set of dichotomous or Likert items. These response formats are known to be susceptible to an agreeing-response bias called acquiescence. The common assumption in balanced scales is that the sum of appropriately reversed responses should be reasonably free of acquiescence. However, inter-item correlation (or covariance) matrices can still be affected by the presence of variance due to acquiescence. To analyse these correlation matrices, we propose a method that is based on an unrestricted factor analysis and can be applied to multidimensional scales. This method obtains a factor solution in which acquiescence response variance is isolated in an independent factor. It is therefore possible, without the potentially confounding effect of acquiescence, to: (a) examine the dominant factors related to content latent variables; and (b) estimate participants’ factor scores on content latent variables. This method, which is illustrated by two empirical data examples, has proved to be useful for improving the simplicity of the factor structure. This research was partially supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (SEJ2005-09170-C04-04/PSIC), and a grant from the Catalan Ministry of Universities, the Research and Information Society (2005SGR00017). The authors are obliged to the team of reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper.     

中小学生感觉寻求量表的编制与应用

通过文献分析和实证研究,构建了中小学生感觉寻求的理论维度,并据此编制了中小学生感觉寻求的测量量表。以14,560名中小学生为有效被试,对量表进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析后表明:中小学生感觉寻求包含两个维度,即兴奋与冒险寻求、去抑制,所构建的中小学生感觉寻求理论体系比较合理,中小学生感觉寻求量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为中小学生感觉寻求研究的测量工具。我国中小学生感觉寻求特点同国外研究结果表现出大体相同趋势。兴奋与冒险寻求、去抑制,以及综合感觉寻求水平,男生均显著高于女生。从年级发展趋势看,中小学生感觉寻求水平总体上逐年增高。