错误之误:德性理论与特征归属

哲学的视线近来又一次被吸引到社会心理学的经验研究中,后者表明,人们格外倾向于草率地把性格特征归属于自己.     

It’s All About Timing: An Imagery Intervention Examining Multiple Image Speed Combinations

The current quasi-experiment examined changes in youth baseball players’ (N = 9) swing performance following an imagery intervention. Athletes participated in one of three conditions, each of which employed a different combination of slow-motion (SM), real-time (RT), or fast-motion (FM) image speeds: SM?+?RT, RT?+?FM, or SM?+?RT?+?FM. A single-subject multiple-baseline design was employed. The intervention approximated the real-world environment in which baseball players practice, thus, increasing representative design. Results generally indicated positive changes across all three conditions, however, the SM?+?RT?+?FM condition exhibited the most improvement. The employment of a multiple-speed imagery intervention appears to be a viable option for young athletes.

Lay Summary: Can using a combination of slow-motion, real-time, and fast-motion imagery improve baseball batting performance? Our results suggest so! Learn more in “It’s all about timing: An imagery intervention examining multiple image speed combinations’ by @jennyo_csueb @Frank_O_Ely & @samagalas #JASP     

Diffuse-Avoidance,Normative, and Informational Identity Styles: Using Identity Theory to Predict Maladjustment

Expanding on the identity status paradigm, this investigation uses 3 forms of identity styles (diffuse-avoidance, normative, and informational) to assess the association among identity and maladjustment. A sample of 2,001 junior and senior high school students in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada completed a self-report that included, among other questions, items assessing the 3 identity styles and degree of adjustment or maladjustment in conduct, hyperactivity, and emotional states. Avariety of analyses indicate that adolescents who are escaping identity formation through a diffuse-avoidance identity style are more likely to manifest conduct and hyperactivity disorders. In contrast, adolescents who establish commitments from prior generations through a normative-identity style, or who engage in an active informational-identity style, are less likely to manifest conduct and hyperactivity problem behavior. Few gender or age differences were observed, suggesting that the technique applied here can be useful with both genders and all ages of adolescents. This study is an initial investigation of contemporary adolescents attempts to escape the self.     

Rule Following,Error Theory and Eliminativism

Abstract

In this paper, I argue for three main claims. First, that there are two broad sorts of error theory about a particular region of thought and talk, eliminativist error theories and non-eliminativist error theories. Second, that an error theory about rule following can only be an eliminativist view of rule following, and therefore an eliminativist view of meaning and content on a par with Paul Churchland’s prima facie implausible eliminativism about the propositional attitudes. Third, that despite some superficial appearances to the contrary, non-eliminativist error theory does not provide a plausible vehicle for understanding the ‘sceptical solution’ to the sceptical paradox about rule-following developed in Saul Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language.     

Moral Error Theory, Entailment and Presupposition

According to moral error theory, moral discourse is error-ridden. Establishing error theory requires establishing two claims. These are that moral discourse carries a non-negotiable commitment to there being a moral reality and that there is no such reality. This paper concerns the first and so-called non-negotiable commitment claim. It starts by identifying the two existing argumentative strategies for settling that claim. The standard strategy is to argue for a relation of conceptual entailment between the moral statements that comprise moral discourse and the statement that there is a moral reality. The non-standard strategy is to argue for a presupposition relation instead. Error theorists have so far failed to consider a third strategy, which uses a general entailment relation that doesn’t require intricate relations between concepts. The paper argues that both entailment claims struggle to meet a new explanatory challenge and that since the presupposition option doesn’t we have prima facie reason to prefer it over the entailment options. The paper then argues that suitably amending the entailment claims enables them to meet this challenge. With all three options back on the table the paper closes by arguing that error theorists should consider developing the currently unrecognised, non-conceptual entailment claim.     

Errors and innovations: An exchange

Abstract

Introduction by Alan Grey

This paper is unusual. For instance, one of its authors is a distinguished graphic artist, with interesting ideas about psychoanalytic treatment as a creative process. His collaborator is Arthur Feiner, who has been the editor of Contemporary Psychoanalysis for many years. As you can see, the paper itself is a dialogue between them, closely following an actual audiotape recording. Their theme has been much neglected. Immediately upon reading the paper, it occurred to me that it belongs in the Forum. For one thing, its important ideas are presented in a very readable fashion. Its informality sets a model inviting a wider range of creative thought about problems of our profession and how to approach them. It identifies our journal as something more than another analytic publication for reiteration of old dogmas.     

After Moral Error Theory,After Moral Realism

Moral abolitionists recommend that we get rid of moral discourse and moral judgement. At first glance this seems repugnant, but abolitionists think that we have overestimated the practical value of our moral framework and that eliminating it would be in our interests. I argue that abolitionism has a surprising amount going for it. Traditionally, abolitionism has been treated as an option available to moral error theorists. Error theorists say that moral discourse and judgement are committed to the existence of moral properties, and that no such properties exist. After error theory is established, abolitionism is one potential way to proceed. However, many error theorists suggest that we retain moral discourse as a sort of fiction. I evaluate some attractions of both fictionalism and abolitionism, arguing that abolitionism is a plausible position. No one doubts that error theorists can be abolitionists. However, what has gone largely undiscussed is that it is open to others to be abolitionists as well. I argue that moral realists of a metaphysically robust sort can and perhaps should be abolitionists. ‘Realist abolitionism’ makes for a surprisingly neat theoretical package, and I conclude that it represents an interesting new option in the theoretical landscape.     

Strengthening Resilience in a Risky World: It's All About Relationships

SUMMARY

Building on Judith Jordan's earlier work on relational resilience, this paper challenges the commonly held view that resilience is a unique form of individual “toughness” endowed to a lucky few and suggests that resilience can be strengthened in all people through participation in growth-fostering relationships. The author reviews the research describing individual, internal characteristics associated with resilience and explores the relational aspects of these characteristics. A case example illustrates that efforts promoting relational development help people grow through and beyond experiences of hardship and adversity. In addition, the author proposes specific ways resilience can be strengthened through engagement in relationships that enhance one's intellectual development, sense of worth, sense of competence, sense of empowerment, and, most importantly, sense of connection.