巴别塔之前与之后——语言哲学中的语言-哲学关系

巴别塔之前与之后的人类语言状态的关系,可以称作单数的语言与各个具体的民族语言关系。如果语言与世界观之间存在一种内在的联系,甚至语言就是世界观,那么意识形态之差异的问题,最终可以归结为语言差异的问题,那么各个民族语言就应是决定一个民族的世界观,即民族的心智和文化特性的东西,而人类共同的语法结构就应体现出人类的共同世界观,即人类本性,它是决定人之为人的东西。但“世界观”在这里并不一定是指关于世界的思考内容,而首先并且主要是指关于世界的思考方式。     

Before Language and After

It has been assumed by some writers that Wittgenstein's talk of primitive reactions amounts to a theory of concept formation out of instinctive behaviour. Others have argued that Wittgenstein is thinking of reactions within language-games, which therefore belong to its structure not its origins . The author concurs, but argues that Wittgenstein also has in mind that it belongs to the grammars of certain concepts that the language-games in which they lie are themselves supplementary to natural behavioural forms. This provides a context in which the notion of pre-linguistic behaviour may be employed legitimately in philosophy whilst avoiding unjustified theorising.     

The Tower of Babel: Searching for core clinical,theoretical and ethical issues in psychotherapy

This paper is about how different groups of therapists view the others now that UKSPC has voted to initiate a register and 1992 is here. Therapy has a set of common aims and these link all therapies together. This paper tries to draw fundamental conclusions for practitioners and trainees. It is a first step in the author's investigations of the frame or field of psychotherapy, which holds both clients and psychotherapists. Mental health practitioners are joined together by a common bond of having the same type of vocation: to help those who are in emotional pain. It is posited that what happens in one part of the field of mental health care affects all other parts of the field.     

Sacrifice: Psychodynamic,Cultural and Clinical Aspects

Noting that the topic of sacrifice has remained largely unaddressed in psychoanalytic literature, the authors offer a discussion of it. Their elucidation of sacrifice opens with the definition and etymology of the word and moves on to the place of sacrifice in various religious traditions. They then summarize Freud's views on the topic and suggest that the subsequent analytic contributions have gone in three directions: the first extends and modifies Freud's proposal of triadic-hostile origins of sacrifice, the second locates such origins in dyadic and loving relations, and the third seeks to synthesize the foregoing trends. The authors then delineate the triad of altruism, masochism, and narcissism that underlie sacrifice. They propose that a spectrum of phenomena, ranging from healthy to pathological, is subsumed under the rubric of sacrifice. They also discuss the significance of such ideas to the conduct of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.     

Tower of Babel: the evidence against the new creationism

Book Information Tower of Babel: the evidence against the new creationism. By Robert T. Pennock. Bradford/MIT Press. Cambridge MA. 1999. Pp. xviii + 429.