小学生不同课堂情境的成就归因及再归因训练

在广泛调查的基础上,考察了小学生对不同课堂情境的成就归因特点;并运用韦纳的归因训练模式与策略指导相结合的方法,根据不同课堂的成就情境对小学生进行再归因训练。结果表明：小学生把课堂成就归因于努力、策略、能力、基础、兴趣、目的、难度。教法、心境和家境等１０个主要因素,这些因素除家境外,均在不同课堂的成就情境中存在显著的差异;韦纳的归因训练模式与策略指导相结合的再归因训练能有效地改变小学生对不同课堂情境的成就归因倾向,增强其学习动机水平,提高学业成绩。     

我国大学生的成就归因与教育问题初探

归因理论重视社会对人的影响,认为如果忽视社会的影响,对人类行为的预测就不可能。同时,归因理论的研究已发现了个体行为的前因和原因对个体情感和行为的影响规律。这就使得从个人的归因(原因推理)预测其情感和行为,以及从人的情感和行为反推人的归因成为可能。然而,这些理论和规律是否适用于我国大学生,却是一个值得深入研究的问题。本研究的目的是初步探讨韦纳归因理论的主要内容对我国大学生成就归因和教育工作的适用性,以便为进一步的研究奠立必要的基础。     

大学生学业成就、人际关系的归因探究

为对大学生学业成就与人际关系的归因进行探究，本研究采用多维度——多归因因果量表(MMCS)对江西师大403名大学本科生进行施测。结果显示大学生在对学业成就和人际关系的归因上都是倾向于内控，且不论是对学业成就还是对人际关系的归因，努力因素都占着重要地位；另外，对学业成就与人际关系的归因还存在性别、理科以及年级差异。     

组织行为的完全归因模型

本文首先阐述了对组织行为进行归因认知的必要性,分析了组织行为的认知基础,在此基础上提出"完全归因"的概念并分析其要素与过程.为推进归因理论的社会应用,本文进一步给出了完全归因的初步模型.该模型充分考虑时空环境和心智环境的复杂性,并将归因推断与归因效果分析统一起来,对组织行为的归因认知过程进行了完整的描述.     

中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间因果关系的研究

该研究采用测验法对中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间的因果关系进行了探讨,并建立起因果关系模型。研究结果表明：学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间是相互联系和相互影响的,学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感直接或间接影响个体的成就状况。     

奖赏结构与结果效价对儿童自我—他人成就归因与评价的影响

本研究旨在考察不同的奖赏结构和结果效价对儿童自我-他人成就归因、自我-他人奖赏评价的影响。实验采用2×2×2混合设计,其中自我-他人归因与评价为被试内设计。被试为小学五年级学生74名(男生36人,女生38人),实验通过解决一系列迷津测验来创设成功和失败情境。实验结果表明,奖赏结构对儿童自我-他人能力归因的影响、奖赏结构与自我-他人归因的交互作用对能力归因的影响、自我-他人运气归因均达到了显著性水平;努力和任务难度归因不显著;儿童对自我和他人的成就结果倾向于做能力和运气归因,较为忽略努力和任务难度在成就行为中的作用。     

社会距离对成败行为性别归因偏差的影响

在陌生人和熟人两种社会距离下,让被试对同、异性成败行为进行归因,考查性别归因偏差现象(对异性美化、对同性贬损的归因)在社会距离上的变化。结果发现:(1)对于成功行为:被试对陌生异性做出的美化归因(能力-运气)显著高于陌生同性,出现性别归因偏差;被试对同、异性好友做出的美化归因差异不显著。(2)对于失败行为:被试对陌生同、异性做出的美化归因(运气-能力)差异不显著;被试对异性好友做出的美化归因显著高于同性,出现性别归因偏差。结论:性别归因偏差,在远社会距离他人表现成功时出现,表现失败时消失;在近社会距离他人表现成功时消失,表现失败时出现。结合相关研究和进化理论对结果进行了讨论。     

大学生学业成就与人际关系成败归因的特点研究

Weiner的研究表明,人们对成功和失败有不同的归因倾向,成功时更多地归因于能力、努力等内部原因,失败时更多地归因于任务难度、运气等外部原因。继Weiner之后,西方学者在成就范围内对成败归因进行广泛探索,研究表明,学生不仅对成功和失败有不同的归因倾向,而且成败归因在不同年级、不同性别上也存在差异。我国大学生的成败归因特点与西方是否一致?国内的相关研究较少。而且,归因理论的研究大量集中于成就归因范围,人际交往范围内的归因研究就更少。为此,本研究采用MMCS归因量表,对我国大学生学业成就和人际关系成败归因的特点进行探讨。     

彩票大奖获得者成就归因特点的初步研究

对71名彩票中大奖者的成就归因进行研究,发现在博彩这种特殊情境中,个体归因表现出如下特点：第一,个体把成就首先归因于运气,其次是努力、能力和难度;第二,中大奖者对他人博彩成就也首先作运气归因;第三,虽然把成就作不可控的运气归因,但所有中奖者都表示今后将继续参与博彩行为。本研究提出,在对某一具体现象作归因研究时应关注情境的特殊性和具体条件。     

中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩关系的研究

该研究采用问卷法探讨中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩的关系,并分别对初中生和高中生建立了因果关系模型。两模型区别在于：（1）学业成绩对初中生自我概念的影响大于对高中生的;（2）高中生学业自我概念受内部控制、非学业自我概念受未知方控制直接影响。研究还表明：（1）初中生的学业自我概念显著高于高中生的;（2）学业自我概念、一般自我概念与学业成绩高低一致;（3）内部控制源与有势力的他人控制源显著相关。     

THE EFFECTS OF A GOOD-BEHAVIOR CONTRACT ON THE CLASSROOM BEHAVIORS OF SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS1

The effects of a good-behavior contract on the on-task behavior, disruptive behavior, daily assignment completion, and weekly grades of four sixth-grade students were examined in a public school classroom. The contract consisted of presenting the students with a list of good conduct and assignment completion goals and a list of disruptive behaviors coupled with a list of rewards and penalties that could be earned. The rewards and penalties made use of existing facilities and classroom privileges. At the beginning of each morning work period, the teacher negotiated the good-behavior contract with each experimental subject. During the negotiations, the teacher emphasized student self-management and encouraged each student to earn a reward by achieving the good-conduct goals and completing the contract assignments. An isolated work area was provided to allow students the opportunity to remove themselves from their desks for a fixed period of 15 min. At the end of the work period, the teacher determined whether each student earned a choice of reward or penalty dependent on assignment completion and whether the teacher had observed disruptive behaviors. Thus, the contract permitted the student to negotiate the goal behaviors and contingencies with the teacher. Throughout the study, the students were in agreement with the teacher on whether a choice of reward or penalty had been earned. The contract was introduced for different children at different times, constituting a multiple-baseline analysis. On-task behavior and daily assignment completion increased, weekly grades were higher, and disruptive behavior decreased when the contract was in effect. Three contrast subjects were selected from the class as model students who consistently produced acceptable assignments and who did not engage in high rates of disruptive and/or off-task behaviors. When the contract was in effect for the experimental subjects, their performance compared favorably with the contrast subjects, who never received the daily contract. The results demonstrated that the contract was effective within the confines of the facilities and contingencies readily available in a public school classroom setting.     

班级环境变量对儿童社会行为与学校适应间关系的影响

运用同伴提名和问卷法,对82个城市初中班级的4650名学生进行了测试,并使用多水平分析技术探讨了班级环境变量对儿童社会行为和学校适应间关系的影响。结果显示：儿童的亲社会行为可以显著地正向预测其同伴接受和学业成就,儿童的攻击、退缩行为对学业成就和同伴接受有明显的负向预测效果;在班级环境变量方面,老师支持可以减弱退缩行为和学校适应间的负向联系;老师训诫不仅可以减弱攻击行为与同伴接受间的负向关联,并且对退缩行为与学业成就之间的负向联系也具有削弱效果;同学关系这一变量的班级效果最为明显,可以明显地增强儿童问题行为与学校适应间的负向联系;而班级秩序纪律对攻击行为和学校适应间的负向关联有明显的强化效果。     

中小学生学业成就与非智力因素的相关研究

本研究对1250名中小学生非智力因素的发展水平进行了调查,共得到有效问卷1186份,目的在于了解非智力因素与学业成就的相关程度。结果表明：就全体被试而言,我们问卷中所涉及的11种非智力因素及总量表分数与被试的学习成绩存在着非常显著的正相关;非智力因素与被试学习成绩的相关程度存在着一定的年龄、学校类型和性别差异。     

中学生成就动机的发展特点研究

本研究用量表法对652名中学生的成就动机从四个角度进行研究,结果表明,随着年级的上升,成就归因、自主性动机、自我效能、成就目标基本保持平稳的发展趋势,但在不同的维度上,其发展变化趋势和水平各有不同,所起的作用也不同,自我效能与掌握目标是中学生的主要学习动力。     

EFFECTS OF CHOICE MAKING ON THE SERIOUS PROBLEM BEHAVIORS OF STUDENTS WITH SEVERE HANDICAPS

This study assessed the impact of choice making on the serious problem behaviors of 3 students with severe autism and/or mental retardation. In the context of within-subject reversal designs, the results showed consistently reduced levels of problem behaviors (e.g., aggression) when the students were given opportunities to make choices among instructional tasks and reinforcers. Additional data showed no systematic differences in the rate of correct responding between the two conditions. The results are discussed in relation to the continuing search for effective, nonintrusive solutions to the occurrence of serious problem behavior.     

THE EFFECTS OF A CLASSROOM MANAGER ROLE ON THE SOCIAL INTERACTION PATTERNS AND SOCIAL STATUS OF WITHDRAWN KINDERGARTEN STUDENTS

We examined the effects of assigning a classroom manager's role on the frequency of social interactions and the sociometric standing of three withdrawn kindergarten students. Results showed that when the three socially withdrawn students were placed in the manager's role they substantially increased the frequency of their positive social initiations during free-play time, were the recipients of many more positive and significantly fewer negative social bids from their peers, were rated more favorably by their classmates on a sociometric rating scale, and were selected more frequently as best friends by their peers. In addition, follow-up data suggested partial maintenance of treatment effects when students no longer occupied manager positions.     

EFFECTS OF WRIST WEIGHTS ON SELF-INJURIOUS AND ADAPTIVE BEHAVIORS

The effects of wrist weights on the self-injurious and adaptive behaviors of a young boy with profound mental retardation were evaluated. Application of wrist weights reduced SIB by 92% and was associated with either increases or stable levels of multiple novel and preexisting adaptive behaviors.     

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIVE EFFECTS BETWEEN COMMON CLASSROOM CONTINGENCIES AND METHYLPHENIDATE

To assess the drug—behavior interaction effects with an 8-year-old boy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, common classroom antecedent (e.g., seating arrangement) and consequent (e.g., peer prompts) stimuli were alternated within a school day while drug conditions (methylphenidate vs. placebo) were alternated across days. The results suggested that peer attention maintained disruptive behavior when methylphenidate was absent but not when it was present.