方以智与道家经典《庄子》

方以智处世事多变之秋,早年有"经世"的抱负,但后来人生历经坎坷,思想也为之一变。方以智仿庄子之藏身别路而逃禅,会通儒、释、道,编撰《药地炮庄》,对道家经典《庄子》进行阐释、利用和改造,形成自己的哲学特质。方以智对道家经典《庄子》展开评述,一面以儒炮《庄》,一面归《庄》于《易》,认为释、道、儒三教可以合一。     

古今会通,考古所以决今——方以智“质测”与“通几”之学的方法论原则

"古今会通,考古所以决今"是方以智"质测"与"通几"之学的基本方法论原则。从这一立场出发,方以智在整合与会通古今传统文化资源时提出了"函雅故,通古今"的具体原则,而这一学术倾向也集中体现于其对于宋明以来"格物穷理"说"折衷会决"的具体理论探讨之中。方以智对于古今学说的综贯会通清晰地折射出了其学术研究中的"集大成"理念。他认为,要想实现"集大成"的学术理想,最关键的一点就是要坚持"古今会通"的基本原则。     

"理学"、"天学"之间--论晚明士大夫与传教士"会通中西"之哲学深意(上)

本文从考辨"西学"原型、追寻晚明士大夫与传教士"会通中西"之哲学深意上立说,运用概念辨析与历史重构相结合的哲学史方法,分析论证了晚明新起的学术思潮,及"预流"于其中的"少数创造者"士大夫与传教士群体之学术旨趣及其"近代"意义.认为:晚明以利玛窦为代表的欧洲传教士输入的"西学"原型,是以"天学"为核心的亦宗教亦哲学、亦政治、亦科技的复合体;以李贽、焦竑为代表的"三教归一"论和以徐光启、王徵为代表的"中西会通"论,这两股学术思潮共同导致了晚明王朝的理论危机;利玛窦立足于"天学"的宗教立场,徐光启立足于"理学"之哲学立场,共同确立了"易佛补儒"的"中国式"传教总策略,利本想依此进入中国士大夫上层社会以传播福音,徐本想依此恢复"朱学正脉",以挽救王学末流丧失儒家经学支柱之危机,结果却因意想不到的宗教角色向学术角色的转换,造成了千载难逢的"中西会通"之历史机遇,出现了"会通中西"之大量科技成果.<畏天爱人极论>是泾阳王徵的哲学创作,它是以"理学"会通"天学"的神哲学范例,其价值不在科技著作之下.     

论黄道周的宋明理学观

针对晚明理学发展的困境和危机,黄道周主张调停朱陆、会通朱王来弥合理学的内部冲突,以期将程朱理学与陆王心学整合为统一的思想体系。他认为朱陆两家学旨本同,咸归于孔孟之道,尊德性与道问学虽有差异,但应兼重两者。他提出不同于朱子的圣学传递谱系,认为阳明之学也是承续孔孟圣贤学统的嫡亲之系。对阳明后学的流弊,黄道周不遗余力地进行批判,主张以周孔《六经》之学救正当时思想界的空疏、荡越之风,希冀以经典文献为根本,重建理学的学理根基。     

试论儒学的经世传统

“经世”是儒学的传统,它使中国得以避免全民族的宗教迷狂,造就出以人伦纲常为中心的封建文化。孔子一生“行诸实事”,为的是按照周礼的模式去矫世、教世、经世;儒家的“以六艺为法”,也是为了“通经致用”。孔子以后,儒家经世分为二:以孟子为代表的“内圣”路线和以荀子为代表的“外王”路线,但经世致用的入世精神仍一以贯之。秦汉以后,儒学经世呈现着复杂形态,在“外王”路线指引下建立的秦汉大一统帝国,因自身的矛盾而必须以“内圣”之学进行调整。至于程朱陆王,虽未抛弃经世传统,但已将用力之重点转移到宇宙本体的思考和个人修养的完善方面,救世风格淡化。理学末流则已有背于经世宗旨。因而叶适、陈亮为代表的反理学派应运而生。明清之际顾炎武、黄宗羲等重新高擎“经世”大旗,抨击空虚的心性之学。道咸间“经世”学者龚自珍、魏源则纠正清中叶沉溺于故纸堆的逃世学风。经世精神在近代中国各种政治派别中也各有运用和发展。     

论觉浪道盛的“以禅解庄”

晚明僧人觉浪道盛之解庄,因"托孤"说闻名于后世。他认为庄子虽假托于老子无为之言,实乃儒家"天人一贯"之宗。学者据此认为道盛是"以儒解庄",且往往只从"以儒解庄"的角度解读道盛的解庄作品,而忽视了道盛的禅宗思想视域。结合道盛的其他佛学著作,分析道盛的佛学思想及其"三教"会通思想,认为道盛是以禅宗思想统摄佛教诸宗,并以"身心性命"融摄"三教"为一体,从而建构起一套"集大成"思想。在此基础上,道盛从世间法层面摄庄归儒,认为作为世间法的儒学与作为出世间法的佛教相辅相成,应相互配合以安顿众生的身心性命。当然,从生死根本问题上来看,作为世间法的儒学不如佛教更为究竟。从究竟义上说,道盛解庄是基于禅宗心性论,以"身心性命"会通"三教",进而在世间法层面摄庄归儒,在出世间法层面摄儒归佛。     

以儒解道——论《淮南子》高诱注对原书思想的偏离

儒、道互补一直是推动中国传统文化变化、发展的内在动力。高诱作为汉末著名经师,其处世、立说都怀有浓厚的宗经、崇儒意识。他注解《淮南子》,存在明显的以儒解道的倾向。高诱通常是以儒家的仁义之道、王道思想和孟子的性善论作为思想武器,来改造性地诠释《淮南》道家派的言论。这种以儒解道的方法旨在泯合儒、道两家认知上的成见,改变汉末经学固守一端的僵化状态。此为魏晋学者进一步会通儒、道拉开了序幕,对魏晋学术的转型起到了推动作用。     

智旭对天台佛学与《周易》之会通

宋代以降,融会佛教诸宗已成佛教界主流,继而又与"三教合一"思潮相互激荡.明代的智旭,他既"究心于台部",又倡导融会诸宗、儒佛会通,他的<周易禅解>一书即是这种思想的产物.书中智旭把天台的无情有性与周易之铺天匝地、天台的止观并重与周易之乾坤刚柔、天台的四悉檀与周易的训蒙之道加以会通,并以周易的<井>卦解天台六即果位,以周易之<大有>卦解天台之"十界互俱"说.     

《易》的本体、工夫和境界——马一浮的易学建构及其价值

在现代学术转型的背景下,马一浮的“六艺论”系统建构了“六经皆理”的思想体系。作为六艺论的整体纲领和根本原理,马一浮的易学思想直承伊川、朱子,同样具足了其六艺论的系统性特质,可以在“本体”“工夫”“境界”的理论框架中得到深切著明的呈现。他建构了理本体的易学本体论、以言行为中心的学易工夫论和易道十大的境界论。马氏易学彰显了易学在六艺之学中的地位和价值,会通了宋明理学和经学两大学术传统,并在儒佛会通的视域下理性、系统地统合且呈现了中国哲学的根本性义理,具有重要的理论价值。     

顾炎武的明道经世之学发微

明清易代之际,经世之学逐渐兴起。当反清复明的希望逐渐破灭之时,顾炎武还能矢志以求的,就是返归儒家经典与以经世致用为方向重建道统。通过实地考察与大量研读经史方志之后,顾炎武开创了经世实学。顾炎武认为,通经可以明道,经术可以经世,倡导君子为学以明道救世。他几十年如一日,孜孜不倦地研治音韵学,为的是以音通经和以音明史,然后经史并重,以修己和治人救世,因而在经学、史学、音韵学等诸多领域都做出了开创性贡献。他被赞颂为"通儒",其学问被称颂为"通儒之学"。     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.